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1、 一、外文原文Toward the Intelligent Web SystemsRadha GuhaCSE Dept. of Amrita University, Coimbatore, India 641105radhaguhaettimadai.amrita.eduAbstract The grand vision of Tim Barners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) founded in 1994,of changing the non-semantic Web (Web 1.0, Web 2.0)to
2、semantic Web (Web 3.0) will connect all the websites and will make their systems interoperable.Though this system has not been fully matured yet, the goal of utilizing the full potential of the web by creating an interoperable knowledge whole is not far from reach. With the emergence of various web
3、technologies and innovative concepts of using the web to its fullest potential, the web is evolving fast toward an intelligent web systems. Ideally the intelligent web systems will be a combination of a semantic web and various web services where the computers can automatically process the web conte
4、nts and integrate their services. This paper reports which web technologies and protocols succeeded in realizing the current web and speculate what is going to be the possible future web architecture and its social impact.1. The Success Story of the WebIn 1989 Tim Barners-Lee 1 invented the World Wi
5、de Web or WWW or W3, an internet-based hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) for global information sharing. Hyper text markup language (HTML) was developed for displaying the web pages on a browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer running on a users computer. Domain name service (DNS) and universal
6、 resource locator (URL) naming conventions were developed to discover a machine on the internet which hosts a web page.Since the inception of the web, the explosive growth of the number of websites and the number of web users is an indication of its popularity amongst students, researchers, business
7、es and shoppers alike.Web is the most efficient medium for information collection and dissemination in the fastest and cheapest possible way. Web has changed our every day lives, it has changed the way students study, teachers teach and companies run. This explosive growth of the web also has been p
8、ossible due to the increased popularity of the use of personal computers (PCs) and increased speed of the internet access.Despite the huge success of the web as a platform and its wide spread social impact, the web has not been studied and understood well as a whole system.This paper is about explor
9、ing the web technologies and tools which are enabling certain web applications and social interactions. These web technologies have enabled certain social interactions which in turn are shaping up the future application needs and infrastructure requirements (see Figure1) 2. In order to engineer the
10、future web, the complex dynamics of social interactions, application needs and infrastructure requirements behind the web development needs to be studied and understood well.Figure 1. The social interactions enabled by the web put demands on the web applications behind them, in turn putting further
11、demands on the webs infrastructure 2.2. The Changing Trend of the WebThe World Wide Web Web is expanding and evolving at a very fast rate. The trend of using the web has evolved over the years with the availability of various emerging web technologies. Evolution of the web can be grouped into three
12、different trends namely Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. Web 1.0 had slow internet connections, at the most 50kbps (kilo bits per second) with a dial-up connection, whereas today in Web 2.0 the internet speed has increased to 1mbps with broadband connections and going to increase beyond 10mpbs in Web 3
13、.0 where high resolution video, 3D graphics, virtual reality and games display will be a norm. The web started with the trend of Web 1.0, which was all about transforming all printing media such as books, music and news etc. to digital media to make it available online. Early web publishers were the
14、 university researchers. Subsequently many personal web pages were hosted on the free hosting server like G. Many had a guest book section for capturing the visitors opinions about their websites.Companies built their business websites to advertisetheir products. In this continuing trend of Web 1.0,
15、 thecontents of the web pages are static and the meanings of the web pages are deciphered by the people who read them. Web contents are developed by HTML and user input is captured in web forms in the client machine and send to remote server via a common gateway interface (CGI) for further processin
16、g.Different web technologies such as custom style sheets (CSS) for improving usability and cross-browser viewing of the web pages and scripting languages such as Java Script, Visual Basic Script at the client side and Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Server Pages (JSP) at the server side have been de
17、veloped over the years to make the static web pages dynamic and interactive.User input data from a form on the web page can be send to the remote server for further processing. External applications can also be linked to the web page through common gateway interfaces (CGIs), using many different lan
18、guages such as C/C+, Perl, Visual Basic etc.But as the web browser is allowing external server side applications to run on a client computer the security of the client computer can be compromised easily. To solve this problem, Netscape developed a protocol named Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), for trans
19、mitting private documents via the internet safely. With the available two way communications over the web a new trend of using the web then emerged. Web 2.0 is the change of using the web differently than using of new technologies. Some of the web technologies used in Web 2.0 trend was already there
20、 in Web 1.0. Web 2.0, which is the current trend, is about social networking and collaboration. This concept has led to the development of many popular social networking web sites and hosted services like Blogs, Twitter, Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, FaceBook and MySpace etc. The students are heavily
21、engaged in online creation and sharing of information, pictures and videos in those web services. The web is no more a one way publisher-reader medium but is a bidirectional knowledge creation and sharing system.Web 2.0 has also seen the revolution of using the web as the practical medium for conduc
22、ting businesses. An increasing number of web-enabled e-commerce applications like e-Bay and Amazon have emerged in this trend to buy and sell products online. In those applications users need to input new data and access and modify existing data on a web browser to be processed by the server side ap
23、plications. Many trusted web service providers use the SSL or the encrypted channel so that safe and secure communication can take place both ways. As web gained popularity fast, web was flooded with rich materials of all sorts. But because of the lack of information (metadata) about information thi
24、s storehouse of information can not be categorized and sorted easily. Without metadata, sophisticated and powerful algorithms are required by the search engines to parse the keywords requested by the user for screen scraping and knowledge discovery. There is a need for improving the knowledge discov
25、ery in the web along with its expansion. Web 3.0 is the future vision of the World Wide Web where the individual web sites can be connected into an interoperable knowledge whole. For web to be Web 3.0 enabled, semantics of the web contents need to be added, in order to process and integrate data by
26、the computers. Semantic web is a web of databases and not of documents. The automatic information organization problem of the web has led to the development of another new technology. HTML which is a data presentation language is not good for data exchange which requires giving meaning to the data f
27、or machine processing. Extensible Markup Language (XML) has emerged for annotating web resources or data with metadata, in astructured plain text format. XML being a plain text format is both human and machine readable and flexible enough to support data exchange for applications developed for any p
28、latform involving different hardware, operating systems and programming languages.XML provides a way of transferring data to PCs, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and cellular phones alike. Java Script can read XML files and display the content on the web dynamically. With Ajax (Asynchronous Java
29、Script and XML), web applications can communicate with each other and display dynamic content retrieved from the background server asynchronously without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. XML has become a very successful and ubiquitous web technology for structuring dat
30、a and for its plain text format. Because of the use of XML, it has been necessary to segregate the web site design anddevelopment into separate presentation layer by HTML and content layer by XML. As XML facilitates adding metadata or semantics of the data, web contents can be machine readable and w
31、eb applications can be interoperable. Still a standard framework for adding semantic to the web content is required for automatic interchange of data between any two systems. Many frameworks and protocols have emerged to set standards for adding metadata to the web for creating an interoperable web
32、system. The next section explores which technologies have emerged in transforming the grand vision of Tim Barners-Lees, of changing the non-semantic web (Web 1.0, Web 2.0) into semantic web (Web 3.0) and how far they have been successful in designing an intelligent, interoperable web systems.3. Futu
33、re Web: The Intelligent Web Systems By adding semantics to the web documents, computers can browse, search and query on behalf of the human users. Intelligent agents can be designed and employed in an application which can group information distributed throughout the web and process and take action
34、accordingly. Interoperability is possible only when an efficient and flexible middleware design with the help of semantic web technologies, will provide standard set of interfaces for heterogeneous applications to communicate with each other.4. Conclusion: Creating the FutureFuture of the web and th
35、e future of the human society are intermingled. To plan a better future the web science need to be studied and understood as a whole. The web page designers and application developers have a lot of challenges to support a high performance infrastructure which connects multiple servers and services a
36、ll geographically distributed across the globe. They should conform to standardization and layered design techniques for reusability, interoperability and allowing scope for future growth of the web systems. Many new ideas of using the web need to be conceptualized for the web to evolve and cater fo
37、r even larger audience across the globe. Some of these new ideas can be realized with the current web technologies and the un-realized ones will put pressure in enabling new design principles, standards, web technologies and tools.References1 Tim Barners-Lee. www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/.August 20
38、08.2 J. Handler, N. Shadbolt, W. Hall, T. Berners-Lee and D.Weitzner. Web Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Web. Communications of the ACM, Vol 51, No. 7, July 2008.二、译文迈向智能网络系统摘要 由于Tim Barners-Lee想达成非语义网（Web 1.0，Web2.0）和语义网（Web 3.0）连接所有的网页网站并使其系统互通这个宏伟的目标，万维网联盟（W3C）于1994年正
39、式成立。虽然这一制度至今还没有完全的成熟，但是，利用网络的整体潜力来创建一个可互操作的整体知识网并不再是一个遥不可及的目标。随着各种新兴网络技术的不断涌现，以及各种充分使用网络潜力的创新概念的产生和应用，网络正在日新月异的发生着变化，并且快速的迈向智能化网络系统这个最终的目标。在理想的情况下，智能网络系统将会是一个语义网和Web服务在不同的计算机都可以自动处理Web内容，并且语义网和Web服务结合在一起的一个新系统。本文报告的这些网络技术和协议成功的实现了当前的网络，同时猜测了在未来可能的网络体系结构及其社会影响。1.Web的成功故事 1989年Tim Barners-Lee1发明了万维网或着
40、称作WWW即W3，一个以互联网为基础的超文本传输协议（HTTP）为全球的信息进行共享。超文本标记语言（HTML）是为了在用户的浏览器上能够显示一个像Netscape或Internet Explorer这样的网页而开发的。域名服务（DNS）和统一资源定位器（URL）的命名惯例的确定使计算机能在互联网上找到想要访问的主机网页。 自从网站成立以来，网站的数目和网络用户的数量都在以一种爆炸性的方式在增长，无论是在学生、研究人员、企业以及消费者中都有流行的迹象。网络可以说是信息收集和传播速度最快最有效和最廉价的方式之一。网络已经改变了我们的日常生活方式，也改变了学生的学习方式、教师的教学方式以及很多公司
41、的运营方式。网络的这种爆炸性增长也使个人电脑（PC）开始变得日益普同时也带动了互联网接入速度的提高。尽管作为一个平台，其广泛的网络传播和巨大的的社会影响力已经是十分成功的了，但是web的整体系统还没有被完全的研究和解析清楚。本文是关于探索如何使用网络技术、工具才能使网页更好的被应用以及更好的与社会互动这个主题进行探讨的。网络技术已经很确定将在未来的社会应用中和基础设施建设中被运用到（图1）。网络工程师们为了未来网络的社会应用，需要分析应用需求，加快相对落后的基础设施建设，这样才能对于网络的整体研究有一个更好的理解和分析。图1:由Web启用的社会应用，从展现出他们的背后的网络应用的需求，以便于在
42、网络的基础设施建设上能够进一步要求2.Web的变化趋势万维网的网络规模正在以非常快的速度不断的扩大发展。随着网络被使用的趋势不断的增加，各种新兴网络技术的可用性也在近年内不断提高。网络的发展可分为三个不同的步骤，即Web 1.0，Web 2.0和Web 3.0。Web 1.0连接互联网的速度较低，使用拨号连接，最大速度50kbps，而在今天，在 Web 2.0连接互联网的速度已经提高到了1Mbps，使用宽带连接到网络。在以后的Web 3.0中，连接互联网的速度将要超越10Mpbs，用户需要的高清晰度视频，三维图形，虚拟现实和游戏显示都将成为新的规范中的一部分。随着基于Web 1.0的发展趋势开
43、始逐渐发展起来的网站的纷纷产生，所有的印刷媒体（例如书籍，音乐和新闻等）都面临着需要转换成为数字媒体，使之成为能够在网络上提供的新媒介。以至于早期的Web出版商大都是大学中的研究人员。随后网络变得更加的普及化，许多个人的网页被托管在了免费的托管服务器中，诸如G。许多网站从使用他们网站的游客的留言中获取了关于他们网站的相关意见。公司也抓住时机，建立起了属于自己的商业网站用来宣传他们的产品。在Web 1.0的时代，这种趋势一直在持续的增长，但是网站网页的内容都是静态的，网页里面所包含的信息也只能由浏览这个网页的人来接收。在这个时期，网站内容是由超文本标记语言（HTML）开发的，用户的输入在客户端机
44、的Web窗体中被捕捉，并发送至远程服务器，通过一个通用网关接口（CGI）再作进一步的处理。而为了使动态的网页和静态的网页之间能够互动，在这几年中，不同的网络技术都纷纷得到了发展，例如为了提高可用性而产生的层叠样式表（CSS）又比如为了能够跨浏览器浏览网页的脚本语言，在服务器端的Java服务器页面（JSP），JavaScript，在客户端和Visual Basic脚本活动服务器页面（ASP）等等。利用这些技术，用户在网页上的表单中输入的数据可以被发送到远程服务器中作进一步处理。甚至使用不同的编程语言（例如C / C + +，Perl，Visual Basic等）的外部应用程序也可以通过链接到网页
45、的通用网关接口（CGI模块）发送到远程服务器来处理。但是，随着Web浏览器允许外部服务器端的应用程序在客户端计算机上运行，客户端计算机的安全性也开始变得比原来容易受到损害了。为了解决这个问题，Netscape开发了一个名为安全套接层（SSL）的协议，该协议是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。因为这两种有效的传播途径在网络中的使用，使用网络变成了一个新的潮流。Web 2.0给网络所带来的改变不仅仅是使用一个新的网络技术就能带来的，其对网络产生的影响无疑是十分深远的。在Web 2.0中所使用的一些网络技术是在Web 1.0中就已经使用技术的延伸。对于Web 2.0来说，当前的趋势是关于
46、网络的社会化和网络的共享。这个概念导致了许许多多广受欢迎的社交网站的开发和运营，如Blogs，Twitter，维基百科的Flickr，YouTube，Facebook和MySpace等等。很多学生们都非常积极的从事在线创作，并且利用网络服务来共享信息，图片和视频当然也在其中。从此网站不再只是一个单一的发布-阅读的这种简单模式的系统了，而是成为了一个双向的知识创造以及共享的系统平台。就使用网络这种媒介作为开展业务的网站，Web 2.0已经可以被看做一场革命了。越来越多的网络功能开始被应用，如e - Bay和亚马逊等电子商务的应用，已在这一趋势下，在线购买和在线销售产品已经变得不再新鲜，甚至开始流
47、行起来。在这些应用中用户需要在Web浏览器中输入新的数据，取出并修改现有数据，最后通过服务器端的应用程序来处理。很多值得信赖的网络服务供应商使用的是SSL或着使用加密频道来保证通信的安全以及保密，当然，供应商也可以同时使用两种保密方式来进行数据的保密。随着网络开始日益变得普及，普及速度更是再进一步的加快，网络已经被各类丰富的信息所充满。但是由于缺少关于信息的描述信息（即元数据），信息仓库不能轻易被归类和排序。没有元数据，搜索引擎就需要复杂和强大的算法来解析用户在屏幕抓取中的显示的关键字以及知识发现。有此可知，提高网络的知识发现能力并且进行扩展就成为了一个非常必要的需求。Web 3.0是对万维网
48、未来的展望，它能将各个独立的网站连接成一个可互相操作知识整体。Web 3.0启用后的网站，Web内容的语义需要被添加，使计算机能够更好的处理和整合数据。语义网络是一个网络数据库，而不是文件。如何自动组织网络信息的问题更是导致了另一个新技术的发展。HTML是一种数据表达语言而不能用于数据交换，这就意味着需要对数据进行再加工。可扩展标记语言（XML）已经成为了一种注释网络资源或元数据使之得以结构化的纯文本格式。纯文本的XML是一种人类和机器都可读的格式，并且足够的灵活，可以支持数据用于任何涉及到的不同硬件平台、操作系统以及编程语言。XML给如个人电脑（PC），个人数字助理（PDA）和移动电话等等设
49、备提供了一种传输数据的方法。Java脚本可以读取XML文件并在动态网页中显示其内容。使用Ajax（异步JavaScript及XML），Web应用程序可以相互通信并且从后台服务器显示动态内容的检索，同时还能不与现有的显示和页面的行为相干预。就结构数据和纯文本格式来说，XML已经成为了一个非常成功和无所不在的网络技术了。由于XML的使用，网站设计的发展将被分隔成单独的两部分，分别是HTML表示层和XML内容层。由于XML便于添加元数据或数据的语义，网页内容可以被机器识别同时Web应用程序也可以进行相互操作。任何两个系统之间的数据自动交换都需要一个用于添加Web内容的语义标准框架。很多框架和协议多出现了设置添加元数据，创建一个可互操作的Web系统的标准。下面一章我们将探讨一下哪些技术已经出现在Tim Barners-Lee的改变非语义网（Web 1.0，Web 2.0）到语义网（Web 3.0）这个宏伟目标中，以及现在离成功