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1、初中英语语法之非谓语动词非谓语动词1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2.动词不定式：to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化)1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)3 完成
2、式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)4 用法：A. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B. 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .C. 作宾语：a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, wa
3、nt, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford )b. 动词+疑问词+to do I dont know where to put the bike .c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D. 作补语：a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, al
4、low, encourage)b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let)E. 作状语：a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They arent old enough to go to school .
5、c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .F.作定语：I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .5 动词不定式to 的省略：A. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。I often saw him go out of the room .- He was often seen to go out of the roo
6、m by me .B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。3.动名词：动词原形+ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watchi
7、ng animated cartoon . I dont remember having ever seen the film .3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .4 用法：A. 作主语：a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .- Its very important to learn English .b. No + 动名词表示禁止。No smoking, No parking .B. 作宾语：He finishe
8、d doing his homework .C. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .D. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等)E. 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fangs opening the window ?4.分词：动词原形+ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)现在分词1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语
9、动词的动作或状态同时发生)2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence .4 用法：A. 作表语。The result is surprising .B. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)C. 作状语。Passin
10、g by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.过去分词1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。3 用法：A. 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .B. 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .C. 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday . - 4 -