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1、（一）分类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，来源:Z,xx,k.Com来源:学&科&网团体机构名称可数名词来源:学.科.网来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K不可数名词来源:学科网ZXXK个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词（二）转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换抽象化(抽象名词，不可数名词)个体名词(可数)in flower开花a flower一朵花儿youth青春a youth年轻人success成功a success成功的人或事物质名词与个体名词的相互转换物质名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)iron铁an iron熨斗glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡抽
2、象名词与个体名词的转换抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.a failure 一个(件)失败的人(事)have pity on sb. 怜悯某人a pity 可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 乐事可数名词有单数和复数的变化，而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则
3、变化两种。分 类变化方法举 例规则变化单数名词词尾直接加-sboy boys pen pens以s，x ，ch，sh结尾的单词一般加-esglassglasses boxboxes watchwatches brushbrushes特例：stomach stomachs以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”babybabies lady ladies注意：penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence（便士的钱数） pennies(便士的枚数)以“o”结尾的多数加-sradios zoos photos pianos kilos tobaccos 而下列名词的复数却要加-es
4、：tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-eswifewives self selves特例：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs gulfgulfs beliefbeliefs 不规则变化改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice 特例：child-children单复数相同sheep deer means（方法） works（作品、工厂、著作）合成名词变成复数的情况：
5、将主体名词变为复数无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数将两部分都变为复数sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friendsgrown-ups housewives stopwatcheswomen singers men servants名词的所有格的构成方法分类举例名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词，如果该名词为单数，在词尾上加上“s”，即构成其所有格。Toms bike汤姆的自行车以“s”结尾的专有名词，在词尾可加“s”或“”Engless或(Engles) works恩格斯的著作以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“”构成其所有格a
6、works school建筑工程学校不以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“s ”构成其所有格Womens Day妇女节复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“s”构成其所有格the editor-in-chiefs office总编辑室名词的所有格特殊用法分类举例如果一个事物为两个人所有，在后一个名词的词尾加“s”如果不是共有，在两个名词的词尾都要加“s”Tom and Mikes room.汤姆和麦克的房间。（共有）Toms and Mikes books.汤姆的书和麦克的书。（不共有）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop；house或home等词the tailors成衣店 the bar
7、bers理发店 at my aunts在我姑姑家表示无生命的名词，一般用of短语来表示所有关系，该短语位于其修饰的名词之后the teachers of our school.但表示时间距离国家城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格。todays papers ten minutes walk。 拟人代名词的所有格用“s”Natures works大自然的杰作Heavens will天意Fortunes favorite幸运的宠儿表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语来表示所有关系the teacher of the boys
8、 who are playing football on the playgroundof短语+所有格的用法：在表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用of短语+所有格这一结构表示所属关系an old friend of my uncles规则情 况 语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for
9、 your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were three English books.由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one, many
10、a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Lucy and Lily are twins. The writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is
11、 everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is
12、 we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are
13、unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our clas
14、s are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result
15、. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑意义一致原则What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out.
16、All have gone to Beijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the work. Twenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nigh
17、ts” is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。I dont think physics is
18、easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives p
19、leasure to all.就近/远一致原则当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right?there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。
20、如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. G
21、reen, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.名词考点聚焦名词是英
22、语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查，单项填空题中，每年都出现12道题。此外，在阅读理解和完形填空中，名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此，在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法等。 We always keep _ spare paper, in case we ran out.A. too much B. a number of C. plenty of D. a good many【解析】 答案为C。“paper”作为“纸”解释时为不可数名词，所以先排除B和D两个选项。根据题意“我们总是准备充足的备用纸张，
23、以防用光。”选择答案C。too much意为“太多”尽管修饰不可数名词，但用在这儿不符合题意。The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them. A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of【解析】答案为B。【解析】答案为masses of 意为“大量的”既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词；the number of意为“的数量”；a large amount of意为“大量的
24、”后接不可数名词；“many of”后接前面带有定冠词的名词，意为“中的许多”。一是考查语义方面的辨析：主要考查某些多义词在特定上下文中的引申含义,以及准确辨别一些同义、近义词在特定语境中的差异的能力。Most air pollution is caused by the burning of_ _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products 【解析】答案为A。由题干中的“coal，gas，oil”可知都是燃料，故正确答案A项意为“燃料”。articles意为“物品”；goods意为“货物、商品”；prod
25、ucts意为“产品”。To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten,the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ”. A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices【解析】答案为D。由语境可知，此处指人类的语言，而语言是人类说的声音，因此用“voices”。Shall we go out for a walk?Sorry. This is not the right to invite me. I am too tired to
26、 walk.A. moment B. situation C. placeD. chance【解析】答案为A。句意：“我们出去散散步好吗？”“对不起，这不是邀请我的合适的时间，我太累了而不想去散步。”moment意为“某一时刻，片刻”；situation意为“情形，状况”；place意为“地方”；chance意为“机会”。The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly . A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon【解析】答案为A。句意：这两个国家的
27、最高领导人在友好的气氛中进行交谈。atmosphere意为“气氛，氛围”；state意为“状态”；situation意为“形势，局面”；phenomenon意为“现象”。Whats the of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?A. sense B. matter C. caseD. opinion【解析】答案为A。本题所设的语境是：有这样一个你在那里不能吃、不能喝甚至不能动的公共开放场所有什么意义呢？sense意为“意义、意识”；matter意为“
28、问题，麻烦”；case意为“情况，问题”；opinion意为“意见，看法”。四个选项中只有A项符合语境。二是考查搭配方面的辨析：主要考查固定句型中的名词、名词与动词的搭配以及名词与介词的搭配等。The young man made a _to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution【解析】答案为B。句意：这位年轻人向他的父母许诺说毕业之后他将努力自食其力。make a promise意为“许诺、答
29、应”其后的“that”从句为同位语从句，补充说明先行词“promise”的内容，其它选项不合句意。I bought a dress for only 2010 dollars in a sale; it was a real .A. exchangeB. bargain C. tradeD. business【解析】答案为B。bargain用作名词时，意为“廉价货，便宜货”，a real bargain意为“真便宜”。It is no arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A. use B. help C. time
30、D. way【解析】答案为A。“it is no use后接动词+ing形式”或“动词+ing形式短语”表示“做某事没有用”。I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance【解析】答案为C。因为make sense意为“有意义、讲得通、有道理” 是固定习语。Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children.
31、 A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance【解析】答案为B。within ones reach意为“伸手拿（够）得到”，是习语。主谓一致考点聚焦动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时的主谓一致Most of what has been said about the Smiths _also true of the Johnsons.A. are B. is C. being D. to be【解析】答案为B。本题的主语是主语从句通常看作不可数，“most of”修饰主语从句依然是不可数，谓语动词应该用单数形式。one, either, neither, ea
32、ch等+of+复数名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to goto university.So do I. A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped【解析】答案为B。本题的主语是“each”，“of the students”作后置定语，修饰“each”。由and连接并列主语时的主谓一致Did you go to the show last night?Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _invited.A. w
33、ere B. have been C. has been D. was【解析】答案为D。主语是“every boy and girl”表示单数概念，故谓语动词用单数，且询问昨晚的情况，有明确的过去时间，所以应选择“was”。A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】答案为A。此题中“and”连接的第二个名词“artist”前没有加冠词，说明指的是同一个人，应为单数。定语从句中的
34、主谓一致He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been【解析】答案为D。“the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”中的先行词是“the only one”，定语从句中谓语动词用单数形式，又结合时间状语“for three years“可知应使用现在完成时。quantities of+名词作主语时的主谓一致With more forests being destroyed, huge quan
35、tities of good earth _ each year. A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away【解析】答案为D。一般讲“quantities of“不论修饰可数名词还是不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。the number of与a number of的区别As you can see, the number of cars on our roads_ rising these days.A. was keeping B. keep C
36、. keeps D. were keeping【解析】答案为C。在“the number of +复数名词”中主语是“the number（数量）”，谓语动词用单数，根据语境，应使用现在时。Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. A. is working B. works C. work D. worked【解析】答案为C。a number of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数，根据语境和时间状语Nowadays可知应使用一般现在时。
37、分数、百分数作主语时的主谓一致The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】答案为D。“one-third”是指“20台笔记本中的三分之一”，表示复数意义；根据语境，前后是今昔对比的描述，空格处应使用过去时。【答案】_ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. T
38、wo fifth; is B. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are【解析】答案为C。分子大于“1”时，作分母的序数词要用复数形式，并且分数修饰的是不可数名词“land”，谓语动词用单数形式。倒装句中的主谓一致At the foot of the mountain _. A. a village lie B. lies a villageC. does a village lie D. lying a village【解析】答案为B。这是一个全部倒装的句子，主语是“a village”。On top of the books _t
39、he photo album youre looking for.A. is B. are C. has D. have 【解析】答案为A。作表语的介词短语放在句首时，使用全部倒装语序，句子的真正主语不是“books”，而是“the photo album”。表示抽象概念的名词或词组作主语时的主谓一致A survey of the opinions of experts _that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. sho
40、ws; are【解析】答案为B。主句中的主语是“A survey”为单数，后有“of”短语作定语分隔；从句中的主语是“three hours”，是表示时间段的名词词组，看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。一些单复数形式相同的名词如作主语时的主谓一致Every possible means _to prevent the pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are usedC. has been used D. have been used【解析】C。答案为“means”前有“every”修饰，说明是单数；根据语境，此处
41、应使用现在完成时，表示对现在造成的结果或影响。由连词“or， eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，whetheror”等连接并列主语时的主谓一致（遵循就近一致原则）Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C.are handing out D.is to hand out【解析】答案为D。“eitheror”连接并列主语时，谓语动词应与最靠近的主语保持一致，锁
42、定答案为A或D项。根据句意颁奖这一行为尚未发生，故选择D项。主语后有“as well as， no less than， with， along with， together with， rather than， but， except， including”等短语作插入语时的主谓一致（遵循就远一致原则）,即跟它们前面的主语一致。We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. A. is B. are C. has been
43、 D. have been 【解析】答案为A。主语“time”和谓语动词之间插入了“of”短语作定语来迷惑考生，必须分析句子成分和结构才能慧眼识别出主语为“the time”。The father as well as his three children _skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going【解析】答案为C。本题的主语是“father”，“as well as”短语是插入成分，其后的名词不是主语的一部分。1.When I was a child, my parents often taught me how to deal with dangerous . A. organizations B. situations C. regulations D. positions【答案与解析】 B situation“情形，境遇”；organiza