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1、英语 温州市2018年高三浙江省第二次模拟试题 英语考试时间：_分钟题型单选题填空题总分得分单选题 （本大题共10小题，每小题_分，共_分。） 阅读理解(共10小题；每小题2.5分，满分25分)阅读下面材料，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和D）中，选出最佳选项。ARene Descartes explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon that tissue injury makes specific ner
2、ves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain. The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain. It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become. In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes terms as a physical process, a sign of tissue
3、injury.The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that befo
4、re pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord (脊髓). In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain.Their most _ suggestion was that what controlled the gate were not just signals from sensory nerves but
5、also emotions and other “output” from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope may not necessarily make the bell ring. The bell itself (the mind) could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain
6、. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement: after putting your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl
7、of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury.The results were stri
8、king. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male no
9、n-dancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers - a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic (慢性) injury. Their driven personalities and competitive
10、 culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce ones sensitivity to pain.There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects
11、 on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo injection (安慰剂) and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort - not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got
12、 actual drug without any promise that it would work.Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bells on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. Theres a problem with it, though. It explains peopl
13、e who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesnt explain the reverse, which is far more common - the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringin
14、g.The author implies that the reason why the gate control was “amazing” was that it _.A. offered an extremely new and original explanationB. was just opposite to peoples everyday experiencesC. was grounded in a ridiculous logicD. was so sensible that it should have been proposed centuries before ARe
15、ne Descartes explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain. The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in th
16、e brain. It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become. In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes terms as a physical process, a sign of tissue injury.The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes repo
17、rt feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord (脊髓). In some cases, this imaginary ga
18、te could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain.Their most_suggestion was that what controlled the gate were not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope may not necessarily make the bell ring. The bel
19、l itself (the mind) could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university student
20、s by using a common measurement: after putting your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when
21、 it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury.The results were striking. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers wer
22、e almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male non-dancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers - a gr
23、oup known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic (慢性) injury. Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and
24、that, with training, one can reduce ones sensitivity to pain.There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo injection (安慰剂) and promised that it w
25、ould relieve their pain had the least discomfort - not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work.Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience o
26、f pain and is no more bells on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. Theres a problem with it, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesnt explain the reverse, which is far more common - the millions of people who experience
27、chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringing.The author refers to “chronic back pain” as an example of something that is _.A. costly, because it troubles millions of peopleB. puzzli
28、ng, because it sometimes has no obvious causeC. disappointing, because it does not improve with treatmentD. worrying, because it lies beyond the reach of medicine ARene Descartes explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon that ti
29、ssue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain. The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain. It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become. In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes terms as a physi
30、cal process, a sign of tissue injury.The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory
31、of pain. They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord (脊髓). In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain.Their most_suggestion was that what controlled the gate were not just sign
32、als from sensory nerves but also emotions and other “output” from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope may not necessarily make the bell ring. The bell itself (the mind) could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs infl
33、uence the experience of pain. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement: after putting your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition,
34、you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent
35、injury.The results were striking. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference betw
36、een male dancers and male non-dancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers - a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic (慢性) injury. Their driven p
37、ersonalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce ones sensitivity to pain.There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggesti
38、on can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo injection (安慰剂) and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort - not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also le
39、ss than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work.Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bells on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. Theres a problem with i
40、t, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesnt explain the reverse, which is far more common - the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? The rope and clapper are gone,
41、but the bell is still ringing.From the passage we know that _.A. all the theories about pain are not correctB. some data from the researches on pain is wrongC. there has been no perfect theory about pain so farD. ones mood cant affect the pain one feelsBGoing to school means learning newskills and f
42、acts in such subjects as reading, math, science, history, art ormusic. Teachers teach and students learn, and many scientists are interested infinding ways to improve both the teaching and learning processes.Some researchers, such as Sian Beilockand Susan Levine, are trying to learn about learning.
43、Beilock and Levine arepsychologists at the University of Chicago. Psychologists study the ways peoplethink and behave, and these researchers want to know how a persons thoughtsand behavior are related.In a new study about the way kidslearn math in elementary school, Beilock and Levine found a surpri
44、singrelationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her femalestudents are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.“If these girls keep gettingmath-anxious female teachers in lat
45、er grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement,”Levine told Science News. The study suggests that if these girls grow upbelieving that boys are better at math than girls are, then these girls may notdo as well as they would have if they were more confident.Just as students find
46、 certain subjectsto be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be difficult tolearnand teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult foreveryone. Researchers use the word “anxiety” to describe such feelings: anxietyis uneasiness or worry. (Many people, for example, have anxiety a
47、bout going tothe dentist because theyre worried about pain.)The new study found that when ateacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence how her femalestudents feel about math. The study involved 65 girls, 52 boys and 17 first-and second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwe
48、st. The studentstook math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and theresearchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the studentstests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be aboy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers: To find out which teacherswere anxious about math, the researchers asked the teachers how they felt attimes when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt