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1、In pairs discuss these questions: 1 What is a navigator? A navigator explores new routes across the sea. 2 What is the difference between a navigator and an explorer? A navigator explores the sea; an explorer discovers new places on land.,Warming Up,3 Look at these famous people. Are they navigators
2、 or explorers? What do you know about them? Navigator sea nautical instruments find new islands or continents Navigator is someone who finds the position and plots the course of a ship, an aircraft, a car, etc, using maps and instruments.,Explorer land use of compass and landmarks find new places wi
3、thin an already identified island or continent Explorer is someone who travels into or through a place in order to learn about it. Very often navigators are also explorers.,Look at the pictures. Then answer the questions. 1 How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of na
4、vigation were invented? Kept close to the shore, used nature such as the sun, wind, birds, tide, etc, to help them, and used some of the instruments including a compass, astrolabe, etc.,Pre-reading,2 Which do you think was easier to work out: latitude or longitude? Latitude, because it was used to m
5、easure how far you had travelled from land on a straight line. It was discovered a long time before longitude.,3 Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used? 1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 4 Which ones do you think are still used today? Sea charts are still used
6、today.,compass (in ancient China),astrolabe,sextant,sea / nautical / marine chart,Read the passage and answer the following questions. 1 What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( ) What is the use of a compass? ( ) A to set the course of the ship B to measure the positio
7、n of the ship C to measure the speed of the ship D to tell the time,Comprehending,1,B,A,2 Why are speed and time important in working out the longitude of a ship? Speed and time are important in finding out the longitude of a ship because the earth moves fifteen degrees westwards every hour. If you
8、know your direction, speed and time, you can work out the approximate longitude or change in your position in relation to the stars.,3 Why is the position of the sun and various stars useful for working out latitude? The position of the sun and stars are useful for working out latitude because they
9、are fixed points in the sky and their movements in relation to the earth are already known. So they can be used to measure a ships position.,Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups: 1 What skills would you seek in your sailors? The sailors would need to be excel
10、lent navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.,2,2 What problems would you anticipate for this journey? I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around the Cape of Good Hop
11、e), very stormy seas (around the Cape), and problems with food and water (unless helped by local natives the water may be contaminated and the food scarce), etc.,What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage? Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to d
12、eal with them.,3,wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course,use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude,use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course,follow
13、nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land,use a compass,measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby,Read the passage again and use the information to analyse the naviga
14、tional skills. Write the answers in your own words. Using nature 1 To find the ships position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.,4,2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw _ _ . 3 Sailors used _ to increase their speed.,fresh seaweed, nesting birds returning,home in the evening o
15、r fog,sea currents or tides and winds,Using instruments 4 There were two methods to find longitude: 1 _ 2 _ _ .,measuring time and speed,compass and complicated mathematical tables,5 Write down the working principles of the following instruments: Beating circle: _ . Astrolabe: _ .,to compare the hei
16、ght of the sun now with the position of the sun at midday,to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun,Quadrant: _ .,a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the s
17、hip as one of the fixed points to find its position),Sextant: _ . Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hold ten items. What would you need for a weeks journey across the North Sea to England?,an updated version of the
18、quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ships position),5,shirt, trousers,waterproof boots,soap,scissors, knife,blanket,sea-sick tablets, cold medicine,cards, chess,novels, essay collections,Replace the words
19、 underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage. 1 Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home. 2 Sailing a boat alone far away from the shore made Floras parents worry about her safety.,Learning about Language,1,overhead,offshore,3 Clare, would you please put your bicy
20、cle next to the others in the shed? 4 “Why dont you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops?“ asked Mary. 5 Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.,alongside,simplified,minimum,voya
21、ge,seamen,Find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words. _ anywhere _ upload _ inward _ unreliable _ land flower _ strong point,2,nowhere,download,outward,reliable,seaweed,shortcoming,Write down the words you know, which are related to navigation and sea.,3,na
22、vigate, navigational (instruments: compass, bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant), sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude, equator, horizon, captain, sailor, land, island, set sail, nautical middles, explore, exploration,seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore, onshore, beach, beach-bal
23、l seabed, sea-bird, seagull, sea shell, seaside, sea water, seasick, coast, coastline, coastal, tide, wave, current,Complete the following paragraph with the words below. Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a _ . One day he was determined to set out on a _
24、across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _ of the sea. He found on his _ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests. Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down,4,reference,voyage,mercy,outward,and picked him
25、 up as if he were a / an _ parcel. It _ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the _ place on the rocks where its nest lay. Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the _ direction of the nest. There seemed to be _ to hide but then he noticed lots of _ on his left and quic
26、kly hid under it. The bird landed nearby and pecked _ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. He looked,awkward,accelerate,precise,approximate,nowhere,seaweed,randomly,down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying _ the shore! “How lucky
27、I am!“ Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away.,alongside,Revising useful structures Read the information below and learn more about Captain Cook. Then underline the predicates in the sentences. 1 James Cook was a great English na
28、vigator and Pacific Ocean expedition leader. 2 He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains.,1,3 He had led three great Pacific voyages during h
29、is life. 4 In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia. 5 In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a “theorized great southern continent“. Although they could not man
30、age to reach the Antarctic owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland.,6 In 1776, Captain Cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with
31、Hawaiian natives and his mens attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America.,Complete the following dialogue, using verbs in their proper forms. Remember to read
32、 the conversation before and after each blank before you fill it in. Susan: Do you think youll be going to that pop concert next week? Clare: No. Lets forget about that as itll soon be time for our exams. Susan: _,2,Do you need to do more revision?,Clare: I dont really think I need to do more revisi
33、on. Ive done enough but itll help me forget the concert youll be enjoying. Susan: _ _ Clare: Actually there is a reason. I dont think Im going to have enough money even though Ive been saving especially for this occasion. Susan:_ _ _ .,Is there another reason why you dont want to come to the concert
34、?,Perhaps I can help you. I always earn extra money by cleaning cars. My father always pays me when I clean his,Clare: Well, thank you for offering to help me. Ill happily clean your fathers car if hell pay me too. Susan: _ _ Clare: I hope youll thank him for me. Id never be allowed to clean my fath
35、ers car. He is so proud of it he wont let anyone touch it. Susan: _ _,Im sure he will. Hes always been kind to my friends.,Oh this is my fathers fourth car so the excitement has worn off a little.,Clare: His fourth car? My goodness. He must have been earning a lot of money to have owned so many. Sus
36、an:_ _ Clare: Oh I see! That explains things. Please would you phone him now and ask him when it would be convenient for me to clean it? Susan: _,I suppose so. He has his own business so he needs a car for his work.,Of course Ill do that right away.,Clare: Thats so kind of you. Now while Im doing th
37、e cleaning perhaps you can order our tickets for the concert. Ill go and get ready to begin work. See you soon. Thanks and goodbye.,When Captain Bligh returned home he was treated as a hero. It was discussed whether he should receive a special medal or not. Get into groups of four and discuss these
38、questions. Then role-play the dialogue.,USING LANGUAGE,1,1 Sample dialogue Li Pei (LP), Du Zhou (DZ), Wen Fuqing (WF) and Liu Yongfu (LY) are discussing the journey and Captain Blighs leadership qualities. LP: Why are you convinced that this journey shows the greatest navigational skill? Im sure the
39、re must have been others that were as good, if not better! DZ: Do you know of many other sea voyages of this kind?,WF: Well, theres that journey by Shackleton from Elephant Island in the Antarctic to get help from another island with a whaling station. He wanted to rescue his men. The weather was te
40、rrible and he was in an open boat, too. LY: How can you think that journey was more difficult? It didnt last very long. Captains Blighs journey lasted over forty days, was very hot and they had very little food and water. It was because Captain Bligh was a great leader that they survived.,DZ: Now th
41、at Ive heard about it I am very impressed. All those men pushed together in a very small boat, it must have been terrible for them to stay friendly. Meanwhile they were being driven mad by lack of fresh water and there was all that salt water all around them. Thats the reason I think it was the grea
42、test sea escape.,LP: When you put it that way I suppose it was a great achievement. Captain Bligh was certainly excellent in the way he kept the men occupied and tried to take their minds off their troubles. In addition he treated everyone the same when it came to food or water. So I think you are r
43、ight and it was the greatest example of navigational skill against the odds! Do you agree? DZ, WF and LY (together): Yes. We do.,2 Sample dialogue DZ: What leadership qualities do you think Captain Bligh showed? LP: Since he had such violent disagreements with his crew, I think he was a bad leader.
44、WF: Do you really? He does seem to have had a bad temper so that has given him a bad reputation. However, he was also kind to his men at other times so I think he was a reasonable leader. LY: What did he do?,WF: He provided cabbage so the sailors would not get ill and made them dance so that they wo
45、uld stay healthy. That shows he was a good leader. DZ: Yes indeed. That is one good quality. However having a bad temper and getting angry quickly shows a bad quality. WF: Now think about the voyage to Timor. On that journey he was fair with the food, kept everyone occupied working out the boats position, and kept the crew cheerful. The fact that he tried so hard to build co-operative behavior shows good leadership qualities.,LP: Indeed he did. That is why so