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1、工作总结/学习总结 20XX考研英语语法大全 冠词(article)一、单数可数名词单数可数名词前必须加冠词，a(an)表示泛指或类指，the表示特指或类指。例句： washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves
2、their freedom in his will. (选自XX年text 4)分析： 该句是复合句，其中主句是washington overcame the strong opposition.， who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰washington，该句中又有一个that引导的从句作believe的宾语。译文： 在美国独立战争期间目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后，华盛顿才开始认为人生来平等。他克服了亲人的强烈反对，在遗嘱中给自己的奴隶们自由。例句： while the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue rel
3、iance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (选自XX年part c)分析： 该句是复合句，其中supplied to them by lawyers作定语修饰interpretations，undue reliance意为“过分依赖”。译文： 虽然法律报道的质量各不相同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的解释。二、定冠词the的用法在下述几种情况下须用定冠词the:表示世界上独一无二的名词，用在可数名词单数或某些形容词前代表一类人或事物，用在形容词、副词最高级和序数词和o
4、nly之前。乐器名称前要加定冠词the。如：the sun the moon the universe the camelthe blind the largest island the only student the piano例句： the universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19题)分析： 该句是复合句，what common
5、 sense would allow.作介词from的宾语从句，该句中还包含一个so.that.从句。译文： 宇宙运行的方式与常识所允许的构思相距甚远，因此任何一种语言也必然不足以把它解释清楚。例句： but somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (选自XX年t
6、ext 4)分析： 该句是复合句，主干结构是more artists began seeing happiness as.， 而as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一个状语从句。译文： 但是从19世纪的某个时候开始，当我们从华兹华斯的水仙花转向波德莱尔的恶之花时，越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看做是毫无意义的、虚假的甚至是令人厌倦的东西。三、人名、地名等专有名词人名、地名等专有名词前一般不用冠词，但在海洋、河流、山脉、群岛以及含有普通名词的专有名词前一般加定冠词。如：the atlantic
7、ocean (大西洋)the red sea (红海)the society for anglo chinese understanding (英中了解协会)the special economic zone (经济特区)例句： the four special economic zones(sezs) in guangdong and fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor
8、. (选自far eastern economic review)分析： 该句是简单句。译文： 广东与福建两省的四个经济特区、14个沿海开放城市及海南岛都有专门为外国投资者制定的税收及其他鼓励投资政策。四、抽象名词和物质名词抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，前面通常不用冠词，但特指时，则一定要加定冠词。例句： i admire the patience of scientific workers, which gives me much revelation.分析： 该句是复合句，包含一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句。译文： 我钦佩科研工作者的耐心，那给了我很多启示。五、动名词动名词前一
9、般不加冠词，但表示确定特指含义的动名词前要加定冠词。例句： some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.分析： 该句是简单句，其中requiring.在句中作主语补足语，对主语some uniforms作进一步解释说明，形容词短语possible with many types of civilian clothes在句中作
10、定语修饰the home laundering。译文： 有些制服维护费用也比较昂贵，需要专业清洗，而不能使用洗涤其他普通衣物的家庭洗涤方式。六、一般不加冠词的一些名词1. 节日前一般不加冠词，如christmas，但也有例外。如：the spring festival(春节)the mid autumn festival(中秋节)the dragon boat festival(端午节)例句： before the spring festival, the leaders of the village made the house to house survey, inquiring in e
11、ach family about their needs and problems.分析： 该句是简单句，其中inquiring in each family about their needs and problems在句中作伴随状语。译文： 在春节前夕，村中的领导挨家挨户地走访，询问每个家庭的需要和问题。2. 一日三餐表示一般意义时，其前面不用冠词，但表示特殊含义时可用a或the。例句： my little son had a big breakfast this morning,and it was the very breakfast that made him uncomfortab
12、le the whole day.分析： 该句是并列句，其中第二个分句是一个强调句。译文： 小儿子今早吃得太多，就是这顿早餐使他一整天都不舒服。3. 公园、街道、体育项目、游戏等名称前一般不用冠词，季节、月份等日期前一般不用冠词，但表示特指时须加冠词。例句： long after the 1998 world cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing decisions that denied victory to their team.分析： 该句是复合句，其中定语从句that deni
13、ed victory to their team修饰decisions。译文： 尽管1998年世界杯早已尘埃落定，但失望的球迷仍然对那个使自己球队痛失胜利的有争议的判罚耿耿于怀。名词的所有格名词的格是表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间意义关系的形式，英语中格的形式有普通格(common case)和属格(genitive case)，属格又被称为所有格，当名词在句中表示所有关系时，名词便采用属格形式，属格分为两种：一种是?s属格，另一种是由介词词组构成的of属格。单数名词加?s，复数名词加“?”(不以s结尾的复数名词仍加“?s”)，如：a boy?s sisterthe children?s ho
14、lidaythe teachers? room例句： and if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, gordon says that by and large, “you could use today?s data and feel fairly confident.” (选自XX年text 3)分析： 该句是复合句，其中主干部分是gordon says that.。译文： 如果你需要预测人类在不久将来的身高情况以设计一种新的衣服，戈登认为基本上“你可以使用
15、今天的(身高)数据，并且感到颇有信心。”用s属格时应注意以下问题：(一)复合名词在最后一个词后加“?s”如：my sister in law?s present (我嫂子的礼物)the commander in chief?s wife (总司令的妻子)the grandson?s toys (孙子的玩具)(二)由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组所有格由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组，如在最后一个词后加?s表示并列名词的共有关系;如各个名词后都加?s则表示并列各名词的所有关系，如：tom and john?s car/tom?s and john?s cars前者指tom和john两人共有的一辆汽车
16、;后者指tom和john两人各自的汽车，故用复数cars。(三)s属格和of短语的所有格s属格和of短语都可表示所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系，但表示类别时只能用?s所有格。如：women?s shoes (女鞋)students? books (学生用书)a master?s degree (研究生学位)例句： and even more incredible is the young brain?s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to com
17、bine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.分析：该句是倒装句，正常句序是the young brain?s.in new ways is even more incredible，主语中to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine.在句中作定语修饰ability。译文： 更令人难以相信的是，幼儿能从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序，并能分析和按新的方式组合与重新
18、组合语言成分。名词的单复数(一)不可数名词a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可数名词例句： the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry t
19、he navigator, who lived in 15th century.(1995年第14题)分析： 该句是复合句，其中that man.navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man; who lived.是非限制性定语从句，解释说明prince henry。译文： 葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。例句： if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctiv
20、ely human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自XX年part c)分析： 该句是复合句。主句we may well believe.中带有that引导的宾语从句， if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语，短语made headway in.的意思是“在某方面取得进展”。译文： 每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响，如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展，那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经
21、验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。(二)复数可数名词some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +复数可数名词例句： plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (选自XX年use of
22、english)分析： 该句是并列句，在第二个句子中they?ve apparently learned是一个省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰things。译文： 许多别的物种能够学习，而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。例句： but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (选自XX年part b)分析： 该句是简单句。其中短语“in favor of ”的意思是“赞成,支持;有
23、利于”。译文： 但在20世纪初，许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论，转而支持文化传播论。(三)单复数形式相同的名词meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松鸡)plaice(鲽鱼)swine(野猪)vietnamese(越南人)viennese(维也纳人)japanesechineseportugueseswisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫船)例句： the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is
24、 much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18题)分析： 该句是复合句，主干是the data.indicate that.， 其中received.mars作定语修饰the data;that huge.the planet是evidence的同位语从句。译文： 环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明, 有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。例句： crisis would be the right term to describe the
25、decline in many animal species. (1999年第33题)译文： 许多动物物种日渐减少， 用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式， 与动词复数连用表示由两部分组成的物体名词，如：calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短裤)这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，前有a pair of修饰时，谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。例句： i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any sc
26、ales?译文： 我想把行李过一下磅，有磅秤吗?例句： the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of old ones has been broken.译文： 姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜，而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。另外还有： arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(会议记录)regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意，问候)thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)例句： my wa
27、ges are the principle source of my income.译文： 薪金是我收入的主要*。(五)有些名词虽以s结尾，却表示单数概念，谓语动词用单数形式1. 学科名称：politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力学) statisticsacoustics(声学)athleticsphonetics(语音学)例句： talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover t
28、hat the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8题)分析： 该句是复合句，talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句，that引导宾语从句，since引导时间状语从句。译文： 与从事药品工业的人一交谈，你就会发现自从盘尼西林被研制出以后，遗传学是对药品研究最大的冲击。2.游戏名称，如： checkers(跳棋)、 darts(投镖游戏)、 billiards(弹子戏)、 cards(纸牌)以
29、及专有名词，如 naples(那不勒斯)，the united states，the new york times等，但表示瀑布、山脉、岛屿的以s结尾的专有名词常表复数。例句： today, the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity that the people of various countries like.分析： 该句是复合句，that the people of various countries like作定语修饰sports activity。译文： 今天，斯诺克台球已经成为各国人民普遍喜爱的一
30、项国际性的体育活动。例句： naples is an important seaport of the southwest in italy.译文： 那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一个重要海港。(六)集体名词数的问题1. 有些集体名词后接单数动词，如：merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggagebaggage foliage(树叶)例句： modern machinery has been installed in the company.译文： 公司已经安装了现代化的机械。例句： this class of merchandise is usually
31、sold on d/p(documents payment) basis.译文： 这种商品通常在付款交单的基础上出售。2.有些集体名词后接复数动词，如：people police poultry clergy(教士)vermin(害虫)cattle militia(民兵)例句： these vermin are harmful to the plants, so they must be got rid of.译文： 这些害虫对庄稼有害，应该尽快把它们消灭掉。例句： all the poultry in hong kong were destroyed to stop the threat.译
32、文： 为了消除威胁，香港屠杀了所有家禽。3.有些集体名词，如：audience boardfamily class couple crewcommitteegovernment jury party team publiccompany做整体讲时，谓语动词用单数;当看做集体的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。例句： my family are fond of playing bowls, so they never miss the program involved.译文： 我家人都喜欢顶碗的游戏，所以很少错过相关节目。例句： my family is a big one, and so it is
33、 called extended family by neighbors.译文： 我们家是一个大家庭，于是邻居们常称我们家为大家庭。注： 需要强调个体时，集体名词一般应使用单位词，如：three heads of cattle 三头牛a piece of luggage 一件行李(七)有些名词单复数形式不同，词义也发生变化例如： air(空气)airs(样子，摆架子)anxiety(焦虑)anxieties(令人忧虑的事)brain(大脑)brains(智力)custom(风俗)customs(海关)damage(损坏)damages(赔偿金)delicacy(微妙)delicacies(山珍
34、海味)disorder(混乱)disorders(小病，病痛)experience(经验)experiences(经历)fear(恐惧)fears(担心)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜)joy(快乐)joys(令人快乐的人或事)kindness(善意)kindnesses(善行)pity(怜悯)pities(不幸)people(人民)peoples(民族)security(安全)securities(证券，债券)time(时间)times(时代)work(工作)works(作品)authority(权威，权力)authorities(官方，当局)例句： they want to exp
35、ose those educationally disadvantaged students to creative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.分析： 该句是简单句，其中expose sb. to sth.意为“使某人暴露在之下”。译文： 他们想让那些教育背景欠佳的学生接受一种既有创造性又能丰富人生的为期五年的教育。例句： the integration of independent states could best be brought about by first creating a central
36、 organization with authority over technical economic tasks.分析： 该句是简单句，其中with authority over technical economic tasks是介词短语，作a central organization的定语。译文： 首先创办一个有权管理技术经济工作的中心组织，以便更好地实现各独立国家之间的结合。名词的单复数(一)不可数名词a little/some/much/considerable/a great (good) deal of/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large
37、amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of (大量的) +不可数名词例句： the portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being prince henry the navigator, who lived in 15th century.(1995年第14题)分析： 该句是复合句，其中that man.navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man; who li
38、ved.是非限制性定语从句，解释说明prince henry。译文： 葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。例句： if humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自
39、XX年part c)分析： 该句是复合句。主句we may well believe.中带有that引导的宾语从句， if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语，短语made headway in.的意思是“在某方面取得进展”。译文： 每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响，如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展，那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。(二)复数可数名词some/a lot of (lots of) /plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/a few/the n
40、umber of/a number of/quantities of/a great many (of) +复数可数名词例句： plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to stop. (选自XX年use of english)分析： 该句是并列句，在第二个句子中they?ve apparently learned是一个省略关系代词的定语从句，修饰things。译文： 许多别的物种能够学习，而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习
41、。例句： but a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. (选自XX年part b)分析： 该句是简单句。其中短语“in favor of ”的意思是“赞成,支持;有利于”。译文： 但在20世纪初，许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论，转而支持文化传播论。(三)单复数形式相同的名词meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松鸡)plaice(鲽鱼)swine(野猪)
42、vietnamese(越南人)viennese(维也纳人)japanesechineseportugueseswisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫船)例句： the data received from the two spacecraft whirling around mars indicate that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet. (1996年第18题)分析： 该句是复合句，主干是the
43、 data.indicate that.， 其中received.mars作定语修饰the data;that huge.the planet是evidence的同位语从句。译文： 环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明, 有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。例句： crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species. (1999年第33题)译文： 许多动物物种日渐减少， 用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式， 与动词复数连用表示由两部分组成的物体名词，如：
44、calipers(卡钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(钳子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短裤)这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，前有a pair of修饰时，谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。例句： i?m going to weigh my luggage: are there any scales?译文： 我想把行李过一下磅，有磅秤吗?例句： the girl wears sun glasses, which were bought from the glasses? line, and a pair of ol
45、d ones has been broken.译文： 姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜，而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。另外还有： arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(会议记录)regards(敬意) wages respects(敬意，问候)thanks fireworks(烟火)archives(档案)例句： my wages are the principle source of my income.译文： 薪金是我收入的主要*。(五)有些名词虽以s结尾，却表示单数概念，谓语动词用单数形式1. 学科名称：politics linguistic
46、sphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力学) statisticsacoustics(声学)athleticsphonetics(语音学)例句： talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you?ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. (XX年第8题)分析： 该句是复合句，talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句，that引导宾语从句，since引导时间状语从句。