2015年最新中考英语考点分类专题05介词及介词短语(原卷版).pdf

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1、专题 05 介词 ? 解读考点 介词的定义 介词是一种用来表示词词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词 或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语, 补语或介词宾语。 直击考点 1. 常用介词及其词组的主要用法和意义; 2. 常用动词、形容词与介词、副词的固定搭配及其意义。 【名师点睛】 1. 介词的功能 介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名 词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如: The boy o

2、ver there is John s brother. (定语 ) The girl will be back in two hours. (状语 ) Our English teacher is from Australia. ( 表语 ) Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语 ) 2. 常用介词的用法辨析 (1)表时间的介词 1)at, in on 表示时间点用at。例如: at six oclock, at noon, at midnight 。表示在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节以及早 晨,上午, 下午,晚上时, 用 in。例如: in the nin

3、ettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon 等。 表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午,下午, 晚上时,用 on。 例如: on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning 等。 2)since, after 由 since和 after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但 since 词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的 时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after 词组所表示的时段纯系过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。例 如: I haven t h

4、eard from him since last summer. After five days the boy came back. 3)in, after in 与将来时态连用时,表示“ 过多长时间以后” 的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After 与将来时态连用 时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After 与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如: He will be back in two months. He will arrive after four o clock. He returned after a month. (2)表示地点的介词 1)at, in,

5、on at 一般指小地方;in 一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on 往往表示 “ 在某个物体的表面” 。例如: He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. They arrived at a small village before dark. There is a big hole in the wall. The teacher put up a picture on the wall. 2)over, above, on over, on 和 above 都可表示 “ 在 上面 ” ,但具体含义不同。Over 表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其 反义词是under

6、。 above 也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。On 指两个物体表面 接触,一个在另一的上面。例如: There is a bridge over the river. We flew above the clouds. They put some flowers on the teacher s desk. 3)across, through across 和 through 均可表示 “ 从这一边到另一边” ,但用法不同。 Across 的含义与on 有关,表示动作在某一物 体的表面进行。Throgh 的含义与in 有关,表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如: The

7、 dog ran across the grass. The boy swam across the river. They walked through the forest. I pushed through the crowds. 4) in front of, in the front of in front of 表示 “ 在某人或某物的前面” ,在某个范围以外; in the front of 表示 “ 在 的前部 ” ,在某个范围以内。例如: There are some tall trees in front of the building. The teacher is si

8、tting in the front of the classroom. 3. 介词的固定搭配 介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。 1动词介词 arrive in/at 到达 ask for 请求 do well in 在方面做得好 prefer to 宁愿选择,更喜欢 regard as 把看做 thanks to 幸亏,由于 think about 考虑 laugh at 嘲笑 learn from 向学习 leave for 出发去某地 talk to 与谈话 go in for 从事,致力于 hear about 听说 look at (有意

9、识地 )看 speak to 对说 send for 派人去叫,叫人去拿 shout at 大声叫喊,吼叫 worry about 为担心 think of 考虑,关心 2介词名词 in time 及时 on time 准时 in front of 在前面 at home 在家 in English 用英语 at night 在晚上 with a smile 带着微笑 without breakfast 没吃早餐 at first 首先 at last 最后 on ones way to 在某人去的路上 at once 立刻,马上 at the same time 同时 by hand 用手,

10、手工,亲手 in trouble 处于困境 in fact 事实上 on duty 值日 out of work 失业 out of breath 上气不接下气 on the left/right 在左 /右边 to ones surprise 令某人吃惊的是 3介词与形容词、过去分词和动词等搭配 be born in 出生于 be good at 擅长 be made of 由制成 be angry with sb.跟某人生气 be angry at sth.为某事生气 be pleased with sb.对某人感到满意 be satisfied with sth.对某事感到满意 be s

11、urprised at 对感到惊奇(诧异 ) be used to 习惯于 be tired of 讨厌,厌倦 be interested in 对感兴趣 be proud of 以自豪 (骄傲 ) be full of 充满 be filled with 充满 take (catch) hold of 抓住 be sure of 确信 take part in 参加 break into(in) 闯入 take care of 照顾,关心,保管 be busy with 忙于 be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求 catch up with 跟上,赶上 have nothin

12、g to do with 与无关 go to school 去上学 keep out of 不让进入 go to bed(sleep) 去睡觉 look forward to 盼望,期待 go to the cinema 去看电影 say hello to 向问好 ? 2 年中考 2013 年题组 1【 2013,滨州中考】Its reported that President Xi Jinping arrived _ Moscow _ March 22nd pay a threeday visit to Russia. A at; on Bin;on Cat;in Din;in 2【 201

13、3,鞍山中考】You can improve your English _ reading more. A in Bwith C by Dof 3.【2013,黄石中考】The teachers hope all of us can hand _ our homework _ time every day. Aup;in Bout; on Con;in Din;on 4【 2013,上海中考】The chemical in the vegetables and fruit are bad _ our health. Afrom Bwith Cof Dfor 5.【2013 天津中考】The w

14、orkers will build a new railroad_ the two cities. A. since B. between C. as D. During 6.【2013 山东威海中考】Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the peoples Hospital? Walk along this street _the end and youll find it on your left. A. in B. to C. by D. at 7.【2013 湖南娄底中考】 _ April 20th,2013, a terrible ear

15、thquake happened in Ya an city, Sichuan. A. In B. On C. At 8.【2013 湖北宜昌中考】Not only the young but also the old are getting interested _ WeChat ( 微信 ). They can communicate more freely. A. by B. about C. in D. for 2014 年题组 1. 【2014 年四川省成都市中考】Gina, whats this _English? A. by B. for C. in 2.【2014 年北京市中考

16、】I sometimes help my mom with her housework_ Saturdays. A. at B. in C. on D. to 3. 【2014 年河北省中考】You see, Kevin is writing _ his left hand. 来源 :Zxxk.Com A. at B. as C. for D. with 4.【2014 年四川省重庆市中考】Mr. Green s office is _ the 26th floor. You can take the lift there. A. at B. in C. on D. for 5. 【2014

17、年辽宁省丹东市中考】 Excuse me. I wonder if you can provide me _ some information about the fantastic sights here. Sure. With pleasure. A. than B. with C. to D. for 6.【2014 年福建省福州市中考】Don t go to school _breakfast . It s a bad habit . A. after B. with C. without 7.【2014 年安徽省中考】_ the exam, well say good-bye to

18、our dear teachers, classmates as well as our beautiful school. A. In B. For C. After D. Through ? 考点归纳 其余几组常见的时间介词辨析如下: 1、时间介词in 与 after 的用法辨析 介词in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如:We ll go to school in two weeks. 介词 after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。如:My mother came home after half an hour. 介词 after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如:We ll go out

19、for a walk after supper. 2、时间介词for 与 since 的用法辨析 介词 for 表示一段时间如:I have been living here for 10 years. 介词 since 表示从过去某一时间以来如:I have been living here since 2000. 3、时间介词before 与 by 的用法辨析 介词 before 表示 “ 在之前 ” 如: He wont come back before five . 介词 by 表示 “ 到时为止,不迟于” 如: The work must be finished by Friday.

20、 4、时间介词during 与 for 的用法辨析 当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during 如: He swims every day during the summer. 如果一段时间不明确则用介词for 如: I haven t seen her for years. 5、时间介词till 与 until 用法的异同 till 和 until 用在肯定句中,均可表示“ 直到 为止 ” ,如: I will wait till(until)seven oclock. till 和 until 用在否定句中,均可表示“ 在以前 ” 或“ 直到才 ” 。 如: Tom didnt come b

21、ack till(until)midnight. till 多用于普通文体, 而 until 则用于多种文体, 并且在句子开头时, 用 until 而不用 till 如: Until he comes back, nothing can be done. 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。 其余几组常见的时间介词辨析如下辨析如下: 1、时间介词in 与 after 的用法辨析 介词in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如:We ll go to school in two weeks. 介词 after + 一段时间用于一般过去时

22、。如:My mother came home after half an hour. 介词 after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如:We ll go out for a walk after supper. 2、时间介词for 与 since 的用法辨析 介词 for 表示一段时间如:I have been living here for 10 years. 介词 since 表示从过去某一时间以来如:I have been living here since 2000. 3、时间介词before 与 by 的用法辨析 介词 before 表示 “ 在之前 ” 如: He wont com

23、e back before five . 介词 by 表示 “ 到时为止,不迟于” 如: The work must be finished by Friday. 4、时间介词during 与 for 的用法辨析 当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during 如: He swims every day during the summer. 如果一段时间不明确则用介词for 如: I haven t seen her for years. 来源 学科网 ZXXK 5、时间介词till 与 until 用法的异同 till 和 until 用在肯定句中,均可表示“ 直到为止 ” ,如: I will

24、wait till(until)seven oclock. till 和 until 用在否定句中,均可表示“ 在以前 ” 或“ 直到才 ” 。 如: Tom didnt come back till(until)midnight. till 多用于普通文体, 而 until 则用于多种文体, 并且在句子开头时, 用 until 而不用 till 如: Until he comes back, nothing can be done. 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。 ? 易错易混 1、掌握介词固定搭配 2、准确把握介词及介

25、词短语的基本意义和用法。 典型例题1:Peter usually gets up early_ the morning. A in B on C at D of 解析 ;本题考查时间介词的用法。“ 在早上 ” 应为 in the morning. 答案: A 典型例题2:-How do you usually go to school? - _my bike. A. By B. In C. On 解析 ; 虽然介词 by 表示 “ 乘坐 ” , 但是它所接的名词前没有限定词,即 by bike.而本题中bike 前有限定词my, 这时应用on. 答案: C 介词的容易出错的地方在于上述一些介词

26、的用法的混淆及在一些固定搭配中的误用,例如: 1) I usually play football with my friends in Sunday afternoon. 解析本题是考查介词的用法,表示在早上、下午、晚上用介词in,但表示在具体的某一天的早上、下 午、晚上用介词on。所以把in 改为 on。 2) Guang Dong is in the south of Beijing. 解析表示方位的介词用in/on/to, 在范围之内用in,而广东不在北京的范围之内,所以把in 改为 to。 3) I was born at July 1st, 1997. 解析 表示在某日或者某日的早

27、上、下午、晚上用介词on,本句子的1997 年 7 月 1 日是表示具体的一天, 所以用介词on。需把 at 改为 on。 4) How do you go to work? I often go to work by my father s car. 解析表示乘坐某种交通工具,用介词by+表示交通工具的名词,中间不用冠词,但是如果这个名词前有 其他的修饰词,则不能用by。此题应该把by 改为 in。 5) We are asked to explain the work with English. 来源 学科网 ZXXK 解析 表示使用某种语言用介词in, 从本句子的意思理解是用介词in 和

28、 English 连用表示 “ 使用英语解释” 的意思。因此把with 改成 in。 6) They have learned a lot of subjects except English and Chinese. 解析表示除了之外可以用两个介词except 和 besides,except 是不包括的意思,从整体中排除except 的 后面的人或者物体;beside表示除了之外是包括的意思,表示在原来的基础上再加上besides后面的人或者物 体。所以此题中把except 改为 besides。 7) It is very clever for your brother to do th

29、e work like this. 解析在句型It is+形容词 +of/for +somebody +to do something中,用 of 还是用 for 取决于形容词,如果形 容词是描述人物性格特征,后面的人与形容词有主语和表语的关系,用介词of; 如果形容词不是描述人物性 格特征,后面的人与形容词没有主语和表语的关系,用介词for。所以把for 改为 of。再如: It s important for you to come on time. 8) At the end, we came to the top of the mountain. (解析此题考查介词的固定搭配。at t

30、he end of 表示在末,此句中应该用in the end 表示 “ 最后 ” ,所 以应该把at 改成 in。 介词易错点 1.误 Three days after he died. 正After three days he died. 正 Three days later he died. 析 after 与 later 都可以用来表达一段时间之后,但它们所处的位置不同,after 在时间词前,而later 在时间词后。 2.误 She hid herself after the tree. 正 She hid herself behind the tree. 析after 多用来表达

31、某动作之后,所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词,如:I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而 behind 则多用于静态事物之后。 3.误 There is a beautiful bird on the tree. 正 There is a beautiful bird in the tree. 析树上长出的果实,树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree. 4.误 Shanghai is on the east of China. 正 Shanghai is in the e

32、ast of China. 析在表达地理位置时有3 个介词: in, on, to。in 表示在某范围之内; on 表示与某地区接壤;to 则表示不 相接。如: Japan is to the east of China. 5.误 I arrived at New York on July 2nd. 正 I arrived in New York on July 2nd. 析at 用来表达较小的地方,而 in 用来表达较大的地方。at 常用于 at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, a

33、t a small village 。 6.误 Do you know there is some good news on todays newspaper? 来源 学。科。网Z。X。X。 K 正 Do you know there is some good news in todays newspaper? 析在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上,或某一页上则要用on。 7.误 Ill leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow. 正Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai. 正 Ill leave for Shanghai. 析 lea

34、ve for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for 改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有:start for 动 身前往某处,set out for,sail for。 ? 解题技能 对于介词的考查,通常是以单项选择或完形填空形式考查介词用法,尤其是几个易混淆的代词。另外,介 词与动词和形容词构成的固定搭配也是常见的考试内容。 中考对介词的考查主要是介词的基本用法和介词的辨析。 学习重点应放在以下三点: 1表时间,地点,方式等介词的用法; 2介词短语及介词与其他词的搭配使用; 3同义或近义介词辨析。 ? 1 年模拟 1.【2014 北京模拟】 Is your father home? No,he

35、s working late _ the office. A. on B. at C. of D. to 2.【2014 山东济南模拟】30. Thanks _ joining the Talk Show! Youre welcome. 来源 学+科+ 网Z+X+X+K A. by B. on C. of D. for 3.【2014 广东模拟】 32. Why are you standing, Alice? I cant see the blackboard clearly. Two tall boys are sitting me. A. behind B. next to C. Bet

36、ween D. in fr ont of 4.【2014 四川凉山模拟】22. How do you learn English, Toby? I often practice English_ chatting_ my American friend. A. in; to B. by; of C. by; with 5.【2014 四川南充模拟】33. Tony and I are good friends. We usually learn a lot _ each other. A. of B. from C. across 6.【2014 江苏南京模拟】10. My father has a habit of jogging the Jinchuan River for an hour in the morning . A. between B. along C. over D. through

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