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1、专题 16 完形填空 【2015 年高考考纲解读】 完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，但起点高，题量大，字数在230 300 之间。完形填空的选材近年来以第 一人称为主的夹叙夹议励志型材料，具有极强的时代意义和真切的现实意义。完形填空考查考生对语法、词 汇、习语、 句型、 搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力和短文的阅读理解能力，灵活运用语言知识的能力并且根 据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。 【重点、难点剖析】 一、记叙文是一种以记叙为主要表达方式的文体。它主要分为记人、叙事、写景几个方面，包括幽默 故事、名人传记、逸闻趣事等。如果文章交代了when，where，who，what，ho
2、w 这五个要素，那么文章就 是记叙文。 为了测试考生对语篇的理解能力，命题人会特别注意选材的趣味性。记叙文的结尾往往出人意料， 耐人寻味。 做题时，考生可以从以下几点进行突破。 1重视首句，把握全篇 叙事性文章往往在第一句就会把事情发生的时间、地点等交代清楚或者对所要叙述的事情的性质、特 征加以描述， 这为我们理解文章提供了一个“ 窗口 ” 。所以考生应充分重视首句的指导作用，利用它找到解题 突破口，应 “ 先完意，再完形” ，即把握了全篇大意之后，再逐空试填。 2理清线索，找准方向 记叙文一般按事件发展的时间或空间顺序来叙述，有时用倒叙手法。因此，我们在做题时可以首先抓 住表示时间顺序的词，
3、且要理清人物之间的关系，弄清楚人物各自所做的事情，准确理解文章。 3利用语境，揣摩心态 高考完形填空题逐渐摒弃对语法的考查，朝着深层化和语境化的方向发展，因此考生要借助上下文语 境来揣摩作者对文章中各个角色、各个事件的态度。在答题过程中， 考生应该通过字里行间的内容体会主人 公的心理活动，弄懂主人公对人物或事件的态度，身临其境，与主人公的思维保持一致。 二、夹叙夹议完形填空所选的文章一般富于哲理性，往往可以从一件看似平淡的小事中悟出深刻的人 生哲理，因此耐人寻味，可读性较强。 在结构上，作者首先叙述一件事情，然后就此事情引申出一个深刻的社会话题或就此事提出自己的观 点；或者先提出一种观点或看法
4、，然后就这一观点或看法用具体的事例加以说明，最后再进一步阐述或作出 结论。 夹叙夹议文在语言上又具有议论文的特点：语言客观、准确、逻辑性强，且具有概括性。那么，我们 在做夹叙夹议文类的完形填空题时，需要注意哪些方面呢？ 1重视文章首句 夹叙夹议文常常以文章的标题、首句或简短的第一段导入话题，然后以顺叙或倒叙等叙事的方式适当 加以描写，通过巧妙安排，在文章最后概括主题。因此，在解答夹叙夹议文类的完形填空时，考生首先要读 懂第一段，尤其是文章的第一句话，这样就可以迅速总结出全文的主旨大意。 2理清文章结构 夹叙夹议文类的文章通常是先进行叙述，然后在段落的结尾或文章的末尾展开议论，提出故事所包含 的
5、哲理或总结自己的观点。做题时， 考生要跟着作者的思路读全文，思维要有灵活性，要随着记叙与议论的 转换，及时调整思维方式。只有理清了文章的结构，才能更容易地理解文章，作出正确的选择。 3抓住文章线索 理解夹叙夹议类文章要抓住线索，注意情节的变化，以求综观上下文，达到整体理解文意，从而避免 片面性和断章取义。找出叙述、议论部分相关的命题规律与特点，分清论点、论据的习惯表达方式，找准文 章的论点、论据和结论句式，使叙述与议论浑然一体。 三、说明文是用说明的方式介绍人或事物、解释事理的一种文体。说明文体裁的完形填空的最显著的 特点是： 1开头点题 做说明文体裁的完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，是具
6、体的实物还是理论性概念。因此，明确 说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近几年的说明文体裁的完形填空题中，作者一般在文章的首句直接点 明要说明的对象。 2结构清晰 把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(先后顺序等 )，空间顺序 (从 局部到整体，从上到下，从内到外等)，逻辑顺序 (前因后果，先果后因，先主后次等)，认知顺序 (由此及彼， 由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质等)。 在做说明文体裁的完形填空时，应当特别留意以下几点： 1通过短文首尾句抓主旨 通读全文，看它是属于说明事物的说明文还是说明事理的说明文；是单纯说明类的说明文还是说明加 叙述类的说明文。而尾句往
7、往是文章的结论或点睛之笔，由此可知， 抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性 的尾句是很必要的。 2关注段落间的内在联系 由于说明文一般是针对某一个对象从不同的角度和侧面加以说明的，每一段都有侧重点，对这些内容 要进行概括、总结，从而找出段落之间的联系，以便更深刻地理解文章的内容。 3根据写作手法理解细节 说明文中有些细节就是写作手法的体现，而完形填空往往就是针对这些细节进行考查的。所以，考生 要学会逆向推理，从正确理解写作手法入手来把握细节。 【高考真题】 1.(2014浙江卷 ) I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to se
8、e me. I was a new _1_， and I gave an honest account of the students work. In Simons case, the grades were awfully low. He couldnt read his own handwriting. _2_ he was a bright student. He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension. His work in no way reflected his _3_. So when Simons m
9、other entered the room, my palms(手掌心 ) were sweating. I was completely _4_ for her kisses on both my cheeks. “ I came to thank you， ” she said, surprising me beyond speech. _ 5_ me, Simon had become a different person. He talked of how he _6_ me, he had begun to make friends, and for the first time
10、in his twelve years, he had _7_ spent an afternoon at a friends house. She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the _8_ I had nurtured( 培养 ) in her son.She kissed me again and left. I sat, stunned(惊呆 ), for about half an hour, _9_ what had just happened. How did I make such a life- changing di
11、fference to that boy without _10_ knowing it? What I finally came to _11_ was one day， several months before， when some students were _12_ reports in the front of the class. Jeanne spoke _13_ ， and to encourage her to raise her voice, I had said, “ Speak up. Simons the expert on this. He is the _14_
12、 one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the _15 _ of the room.” That was it. From that day on, Simon had sat up straighter, paid more attention, _16_ more, and became happy. And it was all because he _17_ to be the last kid in the last row. The boy who most needed _18_ was the one who too
13、k the last seat that day. It taught me the most _19_ lesson over the years of my teaching career, and Im thankful that it came _20_ and positively. A small kindness can indeed make a difference. 1A.cleaner Breporter Cmonitor Dteacher 2A.Or BAnd CBut DSo 3A.courage Babilities Cfeelings D dream 4A.des
14、perate B responsible Cunprepared Dunsuitable 5A.Because of BIn spite of CApart from DAs for 6A.loved Benvied Cpleased Dcriticized 7A.gradually Bconstantly Crecently Dobviously 8A.self- respect B self-doubt Cself-pity Dself-defense 9A.imagining B observing Cwondering Dregretting 10A.also Beven Calway
15、s Dstill 11A.expect B remember Cbelieve Daccept 12A.writing Breviewing Cediting Dgiving 13A.quietly Brepeatedly Cquickly Dfirmly 14A.lucky Blonely Conly Dlikely 15A.entrance Bmiddle Cfront Dback 16A.slept Bsmiled Cshouted Dquarreled 17A.intended B pretended Crefused Dhappened 18A.change B praise Cth
16、anks D visits 19A.difficult Bpainful Cvaluable Denjoyable 20A.early Bslowly Cfrequently Doccasionally 2.(2014江西卷 ) “ Mum, can I invite my classmate Brett over to stay tomorrow night, please? Its Friday, and we dont have any _1_. Can I, please ？” Mum was sitting at the kitchen table. Dad was _ 2_ nex
17、t to her, resting his head on his arms. Mum could _3_ that James wanted so badly to have his friend over. “ Im so sorry, James ，” she said. “ Im never allowed to have friends come to the house? Why, Mum？ ” James asked sadly, almost in _4_. “ I know its _5_ for you，” Mum said softly. “ But Im just wo
18、rried other people might think were a little.strange.And then they would make fun of you.” “ No, they wouldnt, Mum，” James protested. “ Were not _6_ at all. Were just ordinary people.” Mum sighed heavily. “ To tell you the truth, James, my neck has been so painful that its given me a heavy _7_. And
19、your poor father he doesnt feel _8_. He really needs a rest.” “ I can help, Mum ！” James said. “ _9_ I can make you and Dad feel better, can Brett come over? Please？” “ Well.” Mum began. “ Great! Thanks, Mum！ ” James almost shouted. “ Just sit there, dont move.” He rushed over to the kitchen drawer
20、and _10_ what he neededtwo spanners(扳手 ). “ Hang on, Mum，” he said. “ This wont take a second.” After some _11_ ， James was finished. With a smile of _12 _ on his face he said, “ There! How does that feel？” “ Oh, James，” Mum said. “ Thats much better! How did you do it？” “ Easy ，” James said _13_. “
21、 Dad had tightened your neck bolts (螺栓 ) too much! I just _14_ them slightly! I learned that in robotic science at school.” “ What about your father? Can you _ 15_ him ？” asked Mum. “ Ill try ， ” James replied. He _ 16_ up Dads hair at the back of his neck, and plugged the electric wire into Dads he
22、ad. Then he turned the _17_ on. Dad opened his eyes and _18_ immediately. “ He just let his _19_ run too low, thats all ，” James said. “ Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow？” “ I guess so ，” replied Mum. “ Your friends will just have to _20_ that we are a very unusual fami
23、ly. Thanks, son！” 1A.chance Bmessage Chomework Ddifficulty 2A.asleep B reading Calone Dstanding 3A.explain B see Cagree Ddoubt 4A.terror Btears Csurprise D silence 5A.fair B easy Cgood Dhard 6A.strange B normal Cpopular Danxious 7A.headache B loss Ctask Dday 8A.ill B funny Csorry Dwell 9A.As B If CS
24、ince DBefore 10A.kept Bcontrolled Cfound Dreturned 11A.requests Bthoughts Crepairs Dinstructions 12A.sympathy Bsatisfaction Cbitterness Dpoliteness 13A.embarrassedly Bgratefully Cimpatiently Dproudly 14A.adjusted B collected Cproduced Dcovered 15A.greet B accompany Chelp Dask 16A.lifted Bcaught Cgav
25、e Dfilled 17A.television B power Clight Dgas 18A.grew up Blay down Cbroke down D sat up 19A.food B temperature Cbattery Dblood 20A.prove Bexpect Csuspect Daccept 3.(2014辽宁卷 ) It was already half past seven and I was running late again for the dinner appointment with my wife, Eleanor. We had _1_ to m
26、eet at the restaurant at seven oclock. I felt a little uneasy, but to my _2_ ， I had a good excuse： A business meeting had _3_ and Id wasted no time getting to the dinner. When I arrived at the _4_ ， I apologized and told Eleanor I didnt mean to be late. She screamed, “ You never mean to. ” Well, I
27、_ 5_ tell she was angry. “ Im sorry but it was not _6_，” I said. Then I told her about the business meeting. _7_， my explanation seemed to make things worse, which started to drive _8_ mad as well. Several weeks later, when I _9_ the situation to my friend Ken Hardy，he smiled, “ You _10_ a classic m
28、istake. Youre stuck _11_ your own way of thinking. You didnt _12_ to be late. But thats not the point. What is _13_ in your communication is how your lateness affected Eleanor.” He pointed out that I focused on the intention _14_ Eleanor focused on the result. Thus, _15_ of us felt misunderstood and
29、 crazy. Thinking more about Kens words, I _16_ recognized the root cause of such disagreement. Its the result of the action that really _17_. I should have started the conversation by expressing _18_ my actions affected Eleanor and _19_ the discussions about my intention for later, much later and ev
30、en never. Later on, after talking to Eleanor and really _20_ her experience of the results of my lateness, Ive managed to be on time a lot more frequently. 1A.started Bagreed Ccontinued Dmanaged 2A.relief Bsurprise Cregret Dsorrow 3A.broken out Bclosed down Cfaded away Drun over 4A.house Broom Crest
31、aurant Dsupermarket 5A.could Bmust Cwill Dmight 6A.movable B comfortable Cacceptable Davoidable 7A.However BTherefore CMoreover DOtherwise 8A.her Bhim Cme Dthem 9A.spread B wrote Ctranslated Ddescribed 10A.knew Bmade Cfound Dtook 11A.in Bbeyond Cfor Dagainst 12A.need B prove Cpretend Dintend 13A.fun
32、ny B important Cpossible Dsimple 14A.while Bafter Cuntil Dunless 15A.all Bnone Cboth Dneither 16A.usually Bmerely Chardly Dgradually 17A.inspires Bmatters Cimproves Dchallenges 18A.how Bwhy Cwhen D what 19A.compared B reported Cfinished Dsaved 20A.showing B satisfying Cunderstanding Ddestroying 4.(2
33、014 广东卷 ) Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.Then again, teenagers have _1_ feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common _2_ between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routin
34、e tasks. On the one hand , parents go mad over _3_ rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the _4_. On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for _5_ the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do
35、 the shopping at the supermarket. The research，conducted by St.George University, shows that different parents have different _6_ to these problems.However, some approaches are more _7_ than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but _8_ clean the room fo
36、r them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens _9_. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the _10_ of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to _1
37、1_ their actions. Psychologists say that _12_ is the most important thing in parent- child relationships.Parents should _13_ to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may _14_ their children when they are untidy but they should also understand t
38、hat their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and _15_ each other that problems between parents and children can be settled. 1A.natural Bstrong Cguilty Dsimilar 2A.interest B argument Clink Dknowledge 3A.noisy B crowded Cmessy Dlocked 4A.ho
39、mework Bhousework Cproblem Dresearch 5A.washing Busing Cdropping Dreplacing 6A.approaches Bcontributions Cintroductions Dattitudes 7A.complex B popular Cscientific D successful 8A.later B deliberately Cseldom Dthoroughly 9A.behavior B taste Cfuture Dnature 10A.failures B changes Cconsequences Dthril
40、ls 11A.defend Bdelay Crepeat Dreconsider 12A.communication Bbond Cfriendship Dtrust 13A.reply B attend Cattach Dtalk 14A.hate Bscold Cfrighten D stop 15A.loving B observing Cunderstanding Dpraising 【高频考点】 考点 1、记叙文 例 1、(2014山东卷 ) Charlotte Whitehead was born in England in 1843, and moved to Montreal，
41、 Canada at the age of five with her family.While _1_ her ill elder sister throughout the years, Charlotte discovered she had a(n) _2_ in medicine. At 18 she married and _3_ a family. Several years later, Charlotte said she wanted to be a _4_. Her husband supported her decision. _5_，Canadian medical
42、schools did not _6_ women students at the time.Therefore, Charlotte went to the United States to study _7_ at the Womens Medical College in Philadelphia. It took her five years to _8_ her medical degree. Upon graduation, Charlotte _9_ to Montreal and set up a private _10_. Three years later，she move
43、d to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and there she was once again a _11_ doctor. Many of her patients were from the nearby timber and railway camps.Charlotte _12_ herself operating on damaged limbs and setting _13_ bones, in addition to delivering all the babies in the area. But Charlotte had been practising wi
44、thout a licence. She had _14_ a doctors licence in both Montreal and Winnipeg, but was _15_. The Manitoba College of Physicians and Surgeons, an all male board, wanted her to _16_ her studies at a Canadian medical college! Charlotte refused to _17_ her patients to spend time studying what she alread
45、y knew. So in 1887, she appealed to the Manitoba Legislature to _18_ a licence to her but they, too, refused.Charlotte _19_ to practise without a licence until 1912. She died four years later at the age of 73. In 1993, 77 years after her _20_ ， a medical licence was issued to Charlotte.This decision
46、 was made by the Manitoba Legislature to honor “this courageous and pioneering woman ” 1A.raisingBteaching Cnursing Dmissing 2A.habit Binterest Copinion Dvoice 3A.invented Bselected Coffered Dstarted 4A.doctor Bmusician Clawyer Dphysicist 5A.Besides BUnfortunately COtherwise D Eventually 6A.hire Ben
47、tertain Ctrust Daccept 7A.history Bphysics Cmedicine Dlaw 8A.improve Bsave Cdesign Dearn 9A.returned Bescaped Cspread Dwandered 10A.school Bmuseum Cclinic D lab 11A.busy Bwealthy Cgreedy Dlucky 12A.helped Bfound Ctroubled Dimagined 13A.harmful Btired Cbroken Dweak 14A.put away Btaken over Cturned in Dapplied for 15A.punished B refused Cblamed Dfired 16A.display Bchange Cpreview Dcomplete 17A.leave Bcharge Ctest D cure 18A.sell Bdonate Cissue Dshow 19A.continued Bpromised Cpretended Ddreamed 20A.birth Bdeath Cwedding Dgraduation 【感悟提升】 记叙文型完形填空 记叙文型完形填空可分为记事和记