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1、专题 9 非谓语动词 【2015 年高考考纲解读】 近三年高考主要考查非谓语动词的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作宾语时用不定式还是动名词； 作宾语、 状语、 补语时用不定式还是分词；它们作某一成分时的特殊情况及特殊结构。在形式方面主要考查 用一般式还是完成式、主动式还是被动式、现在分词还是过去分词。 【重点、难点剖析】 一、非谓语动词作状语 1不定式作状语 不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因 (多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)； (2)目的 (可用 so as to/in order to 替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首)； (3)结果 (常表出乎意料的结果，常为only
2、to do) 。 We were very excited to hear the news.( 原因 ) To get there on time I got up very early.( 目的 ) He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.( 结果 ) 2现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 (1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 Not knowing what to do ，he went to his parents for help. 由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。
3、(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 Given more attention ， the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。 (3)部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语 常见的有： seated( 坐着的 )、hidden(躲着 )、stationed(驻扎 )、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于 )、born in(出身于 )、dressed in( 穿着 )、tired of( 厌烦了 )等。 Lost/Abso
4、rbed in deep thought ，he didnt hear the sound. 3独立主格结构作状语 如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格 结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用with 复合结构 (with 宾语宾语补足语)作状语。 (1)名词 /主格代词现在分词 名词 /主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。 The girl staring at him( As the girl stared at him) ，he didnt know what to say. 女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 (2)名词 /主格代词过去分
5、词 名词 /主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 The problems solved( As the problems were solved) ， the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 (3)名词 /主格代词不定式 名词 /主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 He is going to make a model plane ，some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 (4)with 复合结构 (with 宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不
6、定式作宾语补 足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。 With time passing by(time和 pass之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past. 随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。 来源 学。科。网 He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands 和 tie 之间为被动关系)behind his back. 他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。 二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语 1非谓语动词作主语 (1)Laughing helps your body stay healt
7、hy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语) (2)To see is to believe.( 不定式作主语 ) (3)It is important to respect people.( 不定式短语作主语，it 作形式主语 ) (4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it 作形式主语 ) 2非谓语动词作表语 (1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答what 引导的问句。 (2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。 3非谓语动词作宾语 非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和
8、动名词 (1)afford ，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise， refuse，fail ，pretend，happen等动词后跟不定式作宾语。 (2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike ，delay，enjoy，escape ，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind， miss， practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand， suggest等动词后跟动名词作宾语。 (3)以下动词后
9、接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。 动词接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语 remember 记得曾做过某事记得要做某事 forget 忘记曾做过某事忘记要做某事 try 尝试做某事努力做某事 regret 对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示遗憾 mean 意味着做某事企图 (打算 )做某事 cant help 禁不住做某事不能帮助做某事 go on 继续做未完成的事 做完一件事后， 接着做另一 件事 stop 中断正在做的事 中断正在做的事， 去做别的 事 【特别提醒】 1动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。 Do you mind my/me rea
10、ding your paper? 你介意我看你的考卷吗？ 2作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语 动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do 前加 not。 (1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在 having 前) 我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。 (2)They couldnt stand being treated like that. 他们不能忍受被那样对待。 (3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my jo
11、b. 他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。 三、非谓语动词作定语 1不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。 You are the third one to enter the room.( 主谓关系 ) I have something important to say.( 动宾关系 ) He has no opportunity to go abroad.( 同位关系 ) 2动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。 a reading room( a room for reading) 3现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句
12、。 The question being discussed (which is being discussed) now is important. 4过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。 The question discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is important. 四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语 1 advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等动词后面常 用不定式作补语。如： Tell
13、the children not to play on the street. The police warned us not to go out at night. 2make/let/have 等使役动词后面用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to 的不定式。如： They make the students do too much homework every day. The students are made to do too much homework every day. 3感官动词后面可用不带to 的不定式或分词作补语。 从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分
14、词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。 从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关 系。如： I saw him cross the street. 我看到他穿过了大街。 I saw him crossing the street. 我看到他正在穿过大街。 I saw him surrounded by a group of students. 我看到一群学生围着他。 五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式 1非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加not。 He pretended not to see me. I regret not followi
15、ng his advice. Not having tried his best ，he failed in the exam. 2不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。 当谓语动词表示的动作(情况 )发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。 The boy pretended to be working hard. 当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。 I happened to have seen the film. 当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。 The patient asked to be operated on at once. 3动名词
16、的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。 We remembered having seen the film. He came to the party without being invited. He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 4现在分词的完成式和被动式。 当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完成式。 Having done his homework ，he played
17、 basketball. 当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。 The problem being discussed is very important. Having been told many times ，the naughty boy made the same mistake. 【高考真题回顾】 1(2014江西卷 )He is thought _(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. 2(2014北京卷)The film star wears
18、sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without _(recognize) 3(2014江苏卷 )The lecture_(give), a lively question-and-answer session followed. 4(2014重庆卷 )The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _(return) to our shop for quality problems. 5(2014大纲全国卷)Today there are more airplanes_(carry) m
19、ore people than ever before in the skies. 6(2014湖南卷 )Children, when _(accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 7(2014福建卷 )For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying_(connect) 8(2014四川卷 ) I hope to take the computer cours
20、e. Good idea. _(find out) more about it, visit this website. 9(2014安徽卷 )While waiting for the opportunity to get_(promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. 10(2014陕西卷)_(work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times. 11(2013北京，21)Volunteering gives yo
21、u a chance _ lives, including your own. Achange B changing C changed D to change 12(2013福建，22)_ basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies. AKnown B Having known CKnowing D Being known 13(2013山东，33)_at the cafeteria before，Tina didnt want to eat there again. AHaving eaten
22、 B To eat CEat D Eating 14(2013湖南，25)The sun began to rise in the sky ，_the mountain in golden light. Abathed B bathing Cto have bathed Dhave bathed 15(2013湖南，31)_warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. AStaying BStayed C To stay DStay 16
23、(2013江苏，31)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and_to ruins ， the city took on a new look. Areducing Breduced Cbeing reduced Dhaving reduced 17(2013辽宁，28)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mail_for her. Awaited Bto wait Cwaiting Dwas waiting 1
24、8(2013陕西，13)Let those in need _ that we will go all out to help them. Ato understand Bunderstand Cunderstanding Dunderstood 19(2013陕西，14)The witnesses _ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. Aquestioned Bbeing questioned Cto be questioned Dhaving questioned 20(2013四川，
25、 8)_which university to attend ，the girl asked her teacher for advice. ANot knowing BKnowing not 来源 : 学科网 CNot known D Known not 【高频考点】 考点 1、辨别谓语与非谓语动词 【例 1】 Before you quit your job, _(consider) how your family would feel about your decision. 【举一反三】Let those in need _(understand) that we will go al
26、l out to help them. 【变式探究】_ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me! AWhen left BLeave CIf you leave D Leaving 【变式探究】 Please do me a favor_ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight. Ato invite Binviting Cinvite Dinvited 【特别提醒】 谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动 词的 位置一般在主语之后。
27、 非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。 考点 2、非谓语动词做宾语 【例 2】 Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _(reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look. 【举一反三】I remembered _(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 【变式探究】I cant stand _ with Jane in the same of
28、fice.She just refuses _ talking while she works. Aworking; stopping Bto work ； stopping Cworking ；to stop Dto work ；to stop 【变式探究】 Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers? Amark B be marked Cbeing marked Dmarking 【特别提醒】 非谓语作主语、宾语的重点 (1)it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语 It is important for us to learn English ve
29、ry well. 对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。 I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重 要的。 (2)it作形式主语使用动名词的句型 It is no use/no good/uselessdoing sth It is no use crying.哭没有用。 It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) doing sth It is a waste of time trying to explain. 设法解释是浪费时间。 考点 3、非谓
30、语动词做表语 【例 3】 The engine just wont start. Something seems _(go) wrong with it. 【举一反三】Tom sounds very much _(interest) in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. 【变式探究】Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. Ainterested Binteresting Cinterestingly Dinter
31、estedly 【变式探究】 Please remain _；the winner of the prize will be announced soon. Aseating Bseated C to seat Dto be seated 【特别提醒】 非谓语作表语的重点 (1) 不定式、 动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答 主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。 Their job is making wh
32、eelchairs for disabled people. 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。 The music they are playing sounds exciting. 他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。 This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界 所知。 (2) 现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。 现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人害怕。( 说明
33、狗的特征) This dog is frightened. 这条狗有些害怕。 ( 说明狗的心理状态) Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing. 爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明 climbing的特征， tired说明我们的状 态) 考点 4、非谓语动词做宾语补足语 【例 4】 When we saw the road _(block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home. 【举一反三】Passenger
34、s are permitted _(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 【变式探究】The teacher asked us _ so much noise. Adont make Bnot make Cnot making Dnot to make 【变式探究】Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute.Ill have Bob _ you to your room. Ashow B shows C to show D showing 【特别提醒】 非谓语动词做宾语补足
35、语的要点： (1) 主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。 (2) 几个特别的结构 have宾语 do/doing/done “ have 宾语do sth ”意为“让 / 叫 / 使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语 后的 do sth 是不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day. 老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。 “have 宾语doing ”意为“叫/ 让/ 使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作 宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作
36、之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。 Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin. 来源: 学科网 Z X XK 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。 “ have 宾语 done”意为“让/ 叫/ 使/ 请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/ 遭遇了 , ，此时，主语 是无意中的受动者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分 词表示的动作之间是被动关系。 We had the machine mended just now. 我们刚才请人把机器修好了。 He had his leg injured while playing football. 他在
37、踢足球时腿受了伤。 get 宾语 to do/doing/done 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have宾语 do/doing/done ”的意义解释。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 Can you really get that old clock going again. 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 catch sb doing sth逮住某人干某事 If she catc
38、hes me reading her diary, shell be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 make oneself done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。 考点 5、非谓语动词做定语 【例 9】 You cannot accept an opinion _(offer) to you unless it is based on facts. 【举一反三】The room is em
39、pty except for a bookshelf _(stand) in the corner. 【变式探究】If there is a lot of work _， Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. Ato do B to be doing Cdone D doing 【变式探究】If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades _，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world. Acoming B having
40、come Cto come Dto be coming 【特别提醒】 1不定式作定语 (1) 不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代 词之后。 其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所 表示的动作之前。 例如： She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. (2) 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。 例如： Lets first find a room to
41、live in / to put the things in. (3) 不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时，若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语，则该 不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting? (you.say .anything) Here is a letter to be taken to Mr.Li. 在 there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。 比较： There is nothing to do at present.(We have nothing to do at
42、 present.) There is nothing to be done at present.(We can do nothing at present.) 2 ing 分词作定语 (1) 单个的 ing 分词作定语一般前置，说明名词的性质、特征或用途等， ing 短语作定语一般后置； 强调动作的单个ing 分词也常后置。 例如： a sleeping car (a car for sleeping ) a sleeping child ( a child who is sleeping ) (2) ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进 行
43、，否则，要用从句作定语。 例如： Do you know the boy talking (who is talking ) to the teacher? 比较：误： He is the man visiting our class yesterday. 正： He is the man who visited our class yesterday. 3 ed 分词作定语 ed 分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作，ing 分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作，ing 分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 例如： a developed/developing country He is
44、a student loved by all the teachers. The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 4像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句 例如： The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground. The substance, discovered almost by accident，has greatly changed the w
45、orld. 考点 6、非谓语动词做状语 【例 6】When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _(tell) me stories till I fell asleep. 【举一反三】_(eat) at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. 【变式探究】 He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets has been sold out. Ato be told Bto tell Ct
46、old Dtelling 【变式探究】 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year ，_ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. Ahave reached B reaching Cto reach Dto be reaching 【特别提醒】 1现在分词与主句的主语之间是主动关系，用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等；第二，过去分 词与主句的主语之间是被动关系；第三，作状语的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前要用分词的完成时。 2作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示
47、处于某种状态，如：crowded ，devoted ， discouraged， done，dressed ， drunk ， experienced， frightened， gone，hurt ，interested，killed，known， learned ，lost ，pleased ， satisfied， shut ， surprised， tired，undressed ， worried ， astonished，broken ， completed ， covered 等。 考点 7、非谓语动词的固定搭配和句型 【例 7】 If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _(meet) an even greater challenge. 【举一反三】George returned after the war, only _(tell) that his wife had left him. 【变式探究】 Her progress in speaking ability, _(tell) the truth, is a big comfort to me. 【变式探究】_(fill) with shame, the boy lowered his