2016届高考英语基础知识归纳总结一轮复习资料13语法填空(三).pdf

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1、定语从句 命题规律 定语从句是高考的热点,对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容:1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词;2.引 导非限制性定语从句的关系词;3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别;4.介词 +关系代词的用法;5.不定代词 /数词 +of which/whom 引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断;6.关系词之间的异同现象及选 用。 定语从句基本考点: (1)关系代词引导的定语从句 who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,其中whom 只能作宾语。 which ,that 所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语

2、等。 whose 用来指人或物,在定语从句中只作定语。 (2)关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词when,where,why 的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 需要特别注意:a. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如:point,situation,case,stage 等,如果引导词 在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where 引导定语从句;如果不作状语,则用关系代词that/which 。b. 先行词 为 occasions,当“时机”讲时,用关系副词when;当“场合”讲时,用关系副词where。 the way 后面的定语从句的关系词。 在定语从句中,the way 是

3、一个比较特殊的先行词,当它在从句中充当方式状语时,其后的关系词可以 是 in which ,that 或省略;但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语成分时,其后的关系词就用that 或 which。 (3) “介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 “介词关系代词”中的关系代词只有whom(指人 ),which( 指物 ) 和 whose 三个。 “复合介词短语关系代词”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。 “ofwhich/whom ”表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose) 需要特别注意: 该考点考查的重点在于“ 用不用介词 ” 和“ 用什么介词 ” 。 因此在答题时我们必须注意解

4、题思路。 可采用 “ 先行词还原法” 将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词,具体做法是:a. 把先行词放在从句中, 从句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。b. 注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。 (4)as和 which 引导的定语从句 as引导的限制性定语从句 关系代词as,which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别: a. as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which 引导的非 限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。 b. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。注意此时与名词性从句的互换。 c. as 意为“正如, ”,后面的谓语

5、动词多是see ,know,expect,say,mention,report,announce 等;which 意为“这一点” 。 (5)定语从句中的主谓一致 关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的 谓语动词用单数形式。 “one of+复数名词 ” 位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的动词通常用复数,但 当 one 前有 the, the only, the very 等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。 名词性从句 命题规律 名词性从句是高考的热点,对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容:掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句

6、的基本用法,了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法;一些 易混引导词的辨析;句子的语序、否定前移;名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。 名词性从句基本考点: (1)名词性从句的连接词 连接词that,whether 和 if I. 这三个连词在句中只起连接作用,不作句子成分,that 本身无意义,有时可省略,whether 和 if 本身有意 义,均不能省略。that 和 whether 可以连接所有的名词性从句,而if 引导名词性从句时只能引导宾语从句或 不 在句首的主语从句。 II. whether 与 if 的用法比较 二者均可作 “ 是否 ” 讲

7、,都可以引导名词性从句,引导宾语从句时可以互换。 在下列情况下,常用whether,不用 if :a. whether 引导从句可以放于句首。b. whether 可引导表语从句和同 位语从句, if 不可。 c. whether 可以作介词宾语,if 则不可。 d. whether 后可以加不定式,if 不可。 e. 可以用 whether.or 引导让步状语从句,意为“ 无论,不论 ” , if 则不可。 连接代词 引导名词性从句的连接代词有:who, whom, whose, what,which,whatever,whichever ,whoever。连接 代词在句中既起连接作用,同时

8、又充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 连接副词 引导名词性从句的连接副词有:when,where,how,why。连接副词在句中既是连接词,又作状语。 (2)主语从句 主语从句在复合句中充当主语,大多数主语从句都可以用it 作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。 that 引导主语从句时可用it 作形式主语, that 不可省; what 引导的主语从句表示“ 的东西 ” 时,一般不 用 it 作形式主语; whatever,whoever,whichever 一般也不用it 作形式主语。 I. It系动词形容词(necessary,right,likely ,unlikely ,wrong ,im

9、portant,certain,clear,obvious,strange, normal 等) that 从句 II. Itbe名词 (短语 )(a pity ,a shame,good news,a fact,an honour,a wonder,no wonder 等)that 从句 III. It be过去分词 (said, told, heard,reported, decided,suggested , advised,ordered,remembered,thought, considered, well- known,announced等 )that 从句 IV. It 特殊动

10、词 (seem,appear, happen,matter)that 从句 注意: a. 在“It is necessary ,important,strange,naturalthat 从句 ” 结构中,从句常用“(should) 动词原形 ” 形式。 b. 在“ It be suggested ,advised,ordered,requested,insisted, requiredthat 从句 ” 结构中, that 从句应用 “ (should) 动词原形 ” 。 (3)宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容 词的宾语从

11、句。 动词的宾语从句 I. 大多数动词 (hope,tell,say,know,think ,consider,imagine,hear,expect,suppose,guess等)可以带 宾语从句。 注意:在think ,believe,suppose,expect 等动词引导的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否 定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式,这一现象称为否定前移。 II. 动词 find,feel,think ,consider,make,believe 等后有宾语补足语时,则需要it 作形式宾语而将that 宾 语从句后置。 III. 有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需

12、要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词 (词组 )有 hate,enjoy,like, love,dislike , see to 等。 一般情况下介词后只能用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。 注意: a. where 引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。 b. that 引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的,只有在except,in,but 等介词后偶尔可能用到。 sure, certain,glad,pleased, happy,surprised 等表示 “ 情感 ” 的形容词后也可带宾语从句。 来源 学科网 (4)表语从句 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。共分三类: 主句的主语是idea,advice,

13、suggestion,order,request,requirement 等名词时,表语从句的谓语应用虚拟 语气,即 “(should) 动词原形 ” 的形式。 主语为名词reason时,表语从句中的连接词要用that,而不用why 或 because。 because,as if,as though,as,like 等连接词也可引导表语从句。 (5)同位语从句 同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。 能接同位语从句的名词有:belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,conclusion ,suggestion,problem,order, answer,d

14、ecision,explanation,information ,thought 等。 同位语从句一般用that 引导,但也可以用连接代词(what, which,who)、连接副词 (when, where,why, how) 或 whether 引导。 有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后,而是被别的词隔开。 (6)名词性从句的几个难点 that 通常不可省略的四种情况: I. 引导主语从句,that 置于句首时不可省略。 II. 当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that 不可省略。 III. 在由 it 作形式宾语,that 引导的宾语从句中,th

15、at 也不可省略。 IV. 引导表语从句和同位语从句时,that 也不可省略。 what 与 that 的区别: what 在从句中充当一定成分并且具有特定含义“ 的人 (地方、东西 )等” ;that 只起引导作用,在主语从句 中不充当任何成分并且也没有含义。 状语从句 命题规律 考纲要求在复习状语从句中掌握如下几点:1.全面掌握状语从句的九大类别;2.根据历年高考试题,对 状语从句的考点要进行全面的归纳,在九大类别中的考查热点中,重点把握在引导时间、地点、条件、让 步、比较、原因状语从句的连词运用上;3.熟练运用出现频率较高让步状语从句和原因状语从句;4.做好易 混词的辨析如:as, wh

16、en, while 等,时间状语从句因为连接词容易出现在一些常用结构里也经常出现; 5. 掌握状语从句中的时态、语态、语气、省略;6.与其它从句、句型结合起来分析、辨析。 状语从句基本考点: (1)时间状语从句 when 引导时间状语从句,意为“当, 时”,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生。 while 引导时间状语从句,意为“与, 同时,在 , 期间”,从句常用延续性动词或状态动词。 as引导时间状语从句,意为“正当;一边, 一边, ;随着”等意思,表示两个动作同时发生。 as soon as,immediately ,directly ,instantly,the moment,t

17、he minute,the instant,no sooner.than. , hardly/scarcely.when. 和 once 这些 从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生, 常译为“一 , 就, ”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。 注意: no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when. 的时态搭配: no sooner 与 hardly/scarcely 后的句子谓语动词 应用过去完成时, 而 than与 when 引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外, 当把 no sooner和 hardly/scarcely 提到句首时,应

18、用倒装语序。 来源 学_科_ 网 before/since a. 表示“还未, 就 , ;不到 , 就 , ; , 才 , ;还没来得及,就 , ” 。 b. It will be 一段时间before.“多久之后才, ”。 c. since 的常用句型: It is (has been) /was一段时间since(从句用一般过去时/过去完成时 ) until/till 主句为肯定句时,谓语用延续性动词;主句为否定句时,谓语用非延续性动词。 (2)地点状语从句 通常由连词where 和 wherever 引导,从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。

19、where 引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。 where 引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词,而在定语从句中where 作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词 后面。 (3)条件状语从句 通常由 if“如果”, unless “如果不;除非” ,as (so) long as“只要”,in case (that) “结果,万一” ,once “一旦”,when“既然”等连词引导。 由 on condition (tha t),provided (that) ,providing (that) “倘若;假使” , supposing (that),in case“如果” 等引导的条件状语从句。 (4)让步

20、状语从句 让步状语从句可由although,though, as,while,even if (though), whatever (wherever,whoever.), whether.or.,no matter who (when ,what.) 等引导。 while 作“尽管”讲,引导让步状语从句时,往往放在句首。 (5)原因状语从句和方式状语从句 原因状语从句通常由because ,since,as,now that,seeing (that),considering that 等引导。 方式状语从句用来表示主句谓语动作发生的方式,常由as “像, 一样”, as if (thoug

21、h) “似乎,好像” 等引导。 (6)目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的连词主要有in order that, so that,for fear that “害怕,担心发生某事”, in case “以 防”等。从句中常用may,might ,can, could,should 等情态动词。 特殊句式 命题规律 从近几年高考试题来看,特殊句式主要考查倒装句、省略句和强调句的用法。特殊句式比较杂乱,掌握起 来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点,强调句是高考的难点。同时,祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略 与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象,如在考 查强调

22、句的同时考查定语从句,把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起,考 查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。 特殊句式基本考点: (1)倒装句 完全倒装 a. 表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语,如 here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off , out,in the room, on the wall 等置于句首时,句子用完全倒装。 b. 表语位于句首时,其倒装结构为“表语连系动词主语”。 部分倒装 a. only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。 b. 否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little ,seldom,sc

23、arcely,rarely 及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition 等置于句首时。 c. 当 so/neither/nor 位于句首时,可将其后的部分谓语置于主语之前,构成部分倒装。 来源 学科网 ZXXK d. hardly.when. ,no sooner.than.,not only.but also.等连接两个句子且hardly, no sooner,not only 位于 句首时,前一个句子用部分倒装,后一个句子不倒装。 e. 在 so.that.和

24、 such.that.句式中,如果so 或 such 引导的部分位于句首时,主句中的主语和谓语需要部 分倒装。 f. as/though 引导让步状语从句时,可将表语、状语或谓语动词提前,构成倒装。句式为:表语、状语或动 词原形 as/though主语其他。(though 引导的从句也可用正常语序) (2)强调句型 强调句的基本句型是“It is/was被强调的部分that/who其他部分” 。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语 和状语等。 强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was 提前;特殊疑问句的结构是“ 疑问词 is/wasitthat 从句 ” 。 如果原句中含有“not.until”,在强调

25、时间状语时,将主句中的否定词not 连同状语一起提前。 do/does/did 强调句型: do/does/did 只能对谓语进行强调,且只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定句 中。 (3)省略 在 when, while,whenever,till ,as soon as,if ,unless,as if,though,as 等引导的状语从句中,若谓语 部分含有be 动词,而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it 时,从句的主语和be动词常被省略。 Im afraid ,I think ,I believe,I hope,I guess 等作答句,后面跟so与 not 分别等于肯定或否定,宾语从句

26、 可省去。 不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。 注意:用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid/glad/happy ,expect,forget,hope,intend,like, love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish 等的后边,但be 动词后有助动词be 和 have 时, be 和 have 不能省略。 【考例分析】 【例1】He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, _ he felt very happy since the crop did “ grow ”

27、higher. 【例 2】So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _ too little.” 【例 3】 In the days when an ice cream cost much less, Tom, an 8-year-old boy, entered a hotel coffee shop _ sat at a table. 【例 4】Cursing my misfortune, I was wonde

28、ring where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to _ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. 【例 5】 One day, he came up with an idea _ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. 【例 6】The new boy look

29、ed at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _ the boy would do. 【例 7】Jane paused in front of a counter _ some attractive ties were on display. 【例 8】 He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder _ had been his teacher. 【例 9】 Behind him were

30、other people to _ he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 【例 10】We understand this lesson best _ we receive gifts of love from children. 【例 11】My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived. 【例 12】_ he thought he cou

31、ld escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. 【方法总结】 如何判断空格处应填连接词? (1) 并列连词:如果空格在两个或几个单词或短语之间,那么就可能填连词。 (2) 主从复合句的连接词:如果两个句子之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,那么一定是填引导从句的连接 词。 体验高考 2014 辽宁卷 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于 3 个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jonny:Hey!Im just practising Tai Chi( 太极 )Would you like to join me? Peter

32、:I know nothing about it.Is it difficult? Jonny:It seems easy,but you need a lot of practice.You just follow me like this. Peter:OK.Dont laugh _61_ me.I may look funny. Jonny: Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and _62_ (soft) Try to keep your body straigh

33、t.Move slowly,then be sure to keep your balance and dont let your body shake. Peter:I cannot control my body well.My legs become _63_(pain) Jonny:Ke ep _64_(hold) your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.Raise your leg and let _65_ stay in the air for seconds. Peter:I

34、 feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer. Jonny:Be patient !Tai Chi _66 _(call) “ shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water :to be flexible as well _67_ strong.In real competition, a Tai Chi master borrows the strength of the competitor and uses this energy to fight back.The _

35、68_(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit.He controls you! Peter:Unbelievable !Oh ,_69_ you dont mind ,Ill stop and take a deep _70_. 模拟新题精选 1.【山东省潍坊市重点中学2015 届高三 12 月阶段性教学质量检测】 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于 3 个单词 )或括号内单词的正确形式。 Sue: Hi, Josh. I just saw you having your driving lesson.

36、How_1_it go? Josh: It was OK at first. But I had to do some parking at the end and I kept _2_(get) that wrong. Sue: I?m sure it?s all hard. My sister?s just learned to drive but I?ve _3_ (decision) to leave it for another year or two. I don?t think I?m old enough. Josh: I just don?t want to ask my p

37、arents fo r lifts. It would be_ 4_(easy) for them if I could drive. Sue: It would be of great_ 5_ (useful). But are you ready to take the driving test soon? Josh: Perhaps I will fail in this time. I need some time _6_(practise) any way. Sue: Are you going to get your own car after the test? Josh: My

38、 parents have said they?ll get _7_for me. They know I can?t _8_(real) afford it. Sue: You?re lucky. Are you planning to drive to college like our classmates each day? Josh: I think I _ 9_(continue) taking the bus. The petrol would cost too much_10_ there?s nowhere to park either. Sue: Maybe that?s b

39、est. 2.【辽宁省丹东五校协作体2015届高三期末考试】 阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于 3个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。 I gain a lot of rewarding experiences from some social activities. Our local Community Youth Club is a very popular organization with young people in my town. I have been a member for four years now and I?ve taken part in a lo

40、t of interesting projects, 1 include fun activities such as holiday camps and discos. We have organized sports competitions and we have even made a video. But it isn?t all just enjoyment, we have also started doing social work to help people in our neighborhood. We 2 (organize) activities for small

41、children during the holidays. We have also formed a special support group to help young people stop 3 (smoke). We are particularly proud of the most recent group we have created. It organizes regular visits 4 the local old people?s home. My class spent an afternoon at a home and everyone found the v

42、isit very rewarding. The old people there were 5 (talk) and they told us their personal stories 6 (cheer) . During our visit, the home was filled with _ 7 (laugh).But we realized that life wasn?t always easy .Some of them were in poor health and were very 8 (happy). Many young people like me do not

43、live with our grandparents and we have little contact with elderly people. As a result, many young people don?t know 9_ they are like. After this visit, my friends and I decided that we should do _ 10 to help improve the quality of their lives. 3.【辽宁省锦州市 2015 届高三上学期期末考试英语】阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3 个单词

44、)或括号内单词的正确 形式。 Everyone has his own attitude 1 getting old. The night before her eighth birthday, I found my daughter Lizzy sat on her bed 2 (weep).“ I love being seven,” she cried.“ I don?t want to be eight!” I held her in my arms and explained that 3 was going to be even better to be eight than be

45、ing seven. I told her how much I loved her and 4 a wonderful birthday she was going to have. 5 (eventual) she was comforted. It?s always strange 6 (tell) that you are a year older, even when you aren?t very old. Now I?m in my early 60s, and I don?t always recognize the face in the mirror, 7 somethin

46、g has changed the way that I think. The process of aging increasingly interes ts and amazes me, annoys and irritates me, and sometimes still makes me 8 (frighten), too, but much, much less than it used to. There is 9 ongoing sadness at the absence of the friends and family members 10 have died befor

47、e me. 4.【2015 届东北三校第一次联考】 The “ selfie” is used to describe the self-taken photo, often from a smartphone. Someone takes about 10 selfies each time he does, and he only ends up 61 ( post) one or two of those. He picks the one that he feels make him look the 62 ( good). In that picture, he gains conf

48、idence. For that moment, everything bad or terrible that has happened to him 63 ( remove), because that smile is what gives him the 64 ( determine) to love himself. I read 65 poem recently and the young man said, “ If I ask you 66 you love, the answers will most likely roll off your tongue. You love

49、 to read. You love to write. You love your mom, you daughter, or your best friend. How lon g do you think you can go on and on before you say , I love 67 (I)? ?” That statement hit me like a ton of bricks. I?ve struggled with confidence all my life. I still do. And in 68 way am I saying that taking a self

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