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1、 Principles and Applications of Body Language in Nonverbal Communication 专 业: 英 语班 级: 2009本科作者姓名: *学 号: 20*指导教师: *联系电话: *完成日期: 20*年 月 日AbstractBody language is an important part of nonverbal communication and it is connected with culture. In order to make successful exchange in cross-cultural commun
2、ication, we should know the body language from different cultures. And we should realize that body language, like verbal communication and culture, also has many similarities all over the world. However, body language from different cultures has many differences because of different regions, races a
3、nd cultural customs. And it is restricted by its culture and has different cultural connotations. That is to say, the same body language has different meanings in different cultures and has different social functions. This article devotes to a comparison and contrast of body language in different cu
4、ltures in terms of eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions and touch. It aims to illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding.Outli
5、neI. IntroductionA. Verbal communication and nonverbal communication.B. The purpose of this paperII. Definition and Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationA. Definition of Nonverbal CommunicationB. Functions of Nonverbal Communication1. Repetition. 2. Emphasis. 3. Adjustment. III. Classification of Bod
6、y LanguageIV. Cultural Differences of Body LanguageA. Eye LanguageB. GesturesC. PosturesD. TouchE. Facial ExpressionsV. The Similarities of Body Language and Their CausesA. The Similarities of Body LanguageB. The Causes Resulting in the Similarities of Body LanguageVI. The Principles of Reducing Bar
7、riers in CommunicationVII. ConclusionI. IntroductionPeople can communicate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communication. Moreover, the latter plays an essential role in human communication. Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the res
8、ult of cultures. But many people pay great attention to the acceptance and correctness of the verbal communication and overlook the influence and cultural difference of nonverbal communication. Then the misunderstanding and cultural crash often occur in the cross-cultural communication. So in the pr
9、ocess of communication, it is not a complete communication while ignoring the cultural differences of nonverbal communication. A famous anthropologist E. T. Hall pointed out “Silent language expresses more information than verbal language.” According to some researchers abroad, in peoples daily life
10、, nonverbal communication takes part over 65% in all of information exchange. And body language is an important part of nonverbal communication. Many experts have shown the importance of body language in the cross-cultural communication. It is clear without body language we cant finish our informati
11、onal exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cultural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication.II. Definition and Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationA. Definition of Nonverbal Communicatio
12、nThe study of nonverbal communication covers three major parts: Proxernics, Kinesics or Body Language, and Paralanguage. Proxernics refers that people keep certain space with each other when they communicate and the meaning it suggests. For example, Arabians like to keep close while Englishmen like
13、to keep a certain distance. It is funny to see they are in conversation. Arabians will come closer and closer but Englishmen will withdraw further and further. When they finish the conversation, they are far away from the place they stood. Kinesics is also called body language, which studies the mea
14、nings of the movement of all parts of body and it includes many nonverbal behavior such as eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, touch and so on. We will discuss it in details later. Paralanguage refers to all kinds of sound signals made by mouth, which can express certain emotions a
15、nd ideas. Paralanguage is not the phrases and sentences with clear meanings. It is to transform information by sound, such as “Ouch”. Besides this, the pitch of tone and loudness or quietness of voice also belongs to paralanguage. And some researchers believe that clothing belongs to paralanguage, t
16、oo.B. Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication, like verbal communication is also a part of culture and the carrier of a certain culture. The function of nonverbal communication in the whole communication cant be overlooked. “In the daily communication, we can see people cant comm
17、unicate efficiently by verbal language alone. And nonverbal communication will express clear meanings in a certain context. And a certain nonverbal communication should be connected with verbal communication or the other nonverbal communication to provide correct information.”(Lishugang 37)So in com
18、municative activities, nonverbal communication also plays a great role. Of course, we should pay close attention to the functions of nonverbal communication. Obviously, we should make full use of nonverbal communication to achieve efficient communication. Now, we will discuss the functions of nonver
19、bal communication.1. Repetition. For example, when we tell people how to get to the nearest hospital, we are not only telling them the direction but also pointing to the direction with hands. Supplement. For instance, we greet people with a smile. Smile functions as a supplement to the pleasure of m
20、eeting people. Replacement. When we communicate with others, we will frown instead of asking directly to hint that we dont understand and expect repetition or explanation. 2. Emphasis. When we are talking or making a speech, we often raise our voice to stress the content. And sometimes, we say, “It
21、is my fault” while hung down our heads. We smile and say, “Welcome”. We shout out to the people while waving our fists. All the nonverbal communication here emphasizes what we say. 3. Adjustment. We often suggest that our talk is over by our tone, eyes, head nodding and other nonverbal communicative
22、 behaviors. For example, the manager stands up to show the end of the interview.III. Classification of Body LanguageWe have discussed the importance of nonverbal communication. And we also know body language reflects a certain cultural background. On the one hand, in a certain tradition, body langua
23、ge is determined by its customs and traditions. Violating them will cause communicative disconnection and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the meanings of body language in a certain culture are developing and changing. With the development of technology, traffic and contact all over the world, t
24、he meanings of body language are renewing every day. In general sense, the study of body language began in 1950s. And during 1970s, the study of body language entered a fully developing period. From the late of 1970s to the early period of 1980s, body language contained more contents, and had a grea
25、t influence on the other fields. And Doctor R. L. Bird Whitell is the representive of study of body language. His research indicated: eyebrows could change for 23 positions and people could make 250,000 different facial expressions. “And psychologist David Aberconbie also pointed out: we speak with
26、verbal organs but we talk with our body.”(Zhangjianqing, 34)Body language contains eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, manners and behaviors and touch and so on. As the most important part of nonverbal communication, body language, like verbal language, has notable cultural feature
27、s. Some parts of body language are innate, some are acquired and others are conscious. A baby can cry when it is born. It can suck its fingers when it is hungry. When we are excited, our pupils will enlarge distinctively. Our eyebrows will move rapidly when we greet. And we will frown when we are un
28、satisfied. We are yawning when we feel sleepy. And acquired body language is greatly affected by social environment and accepted through common practice. It often becomes a distinctive culture. Every country, every nation, and even every region has its own historical and cultural background. So the
29、body language people use is quite different. Americans like to shrug when they have no idea about something. But Chinese dont do the same thing. Stretching out ones tongue means contempt in America, but in China it means surprise and respect for guests in Tibet. If a public speaker is fiddling with
30、a pencil or with his glasses all the time while he is talking, he is telling quite clearly that he is nervous. But some experienced speechmaker will pretend well and show confidence. IV. Cultural Differences of Body LanguageDifferent believes are the causes of the differences of body language. Accor
31、ding to the theories proposed by American anthologists Barnettt Pearce, Verrion Cronent, peoples behavior, the way of thinking and so on are affected by their believes. And every culture has its distinctive belief system. A normal action in this culture will be abnormal in another one. A positive be
32、havior in one culture will be negative in another. People from eastern world advocate modesty, tolerance, mutual-support and responsibility for the group. But western people admire independence, self-respect, free development, and requiring individual space and so on. Next, we will go to the differe
33、nces of body language from five parts.A. Eye LanguageAs saying goes “The eyes are the window of the soul”. That is to say, we can read ones mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from English
34、speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. According to American tradition, communicators must gaze at each other. “But there are many rules about eye language: Whether to look at the other communicator or not; when it is the time to look at them, how long we can look at
35、; who we can look at and who we cant; they all imply different meanings in communication.”(Yushoufeng, 94)In Juliets Fasters book “Body Language”, there is a paragraph which can explain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each
36、 other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show interest in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for t
37、he first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.”If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other communicator directly. If they dont, they are regarded lack of
38、enthusiasm or confidence. If two Arabians are in conversation, they will look at each other warmly. Because they think eyes are the key of their existence. But in American eyes, they think this behavior is unsuitable or a homosexual behavior. The educated Englishmen believe direct eye contact with o
39、ur communicators is gentlemanly. And the French especially like to look attentively at the other communicators with admiration. Chinese consider gazing people is an unfriendly behavior and it is a challenge. Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They
40、 are annoyed and think the local people are rude. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious. Females are likely to communicate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and uncomfortable under the str
41、ong staring. From what is mentioned above we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. B. Gestures “Without gestures, our world will be static and colorless. We may literally roll up our sle
42、eves when talking about cleaning up the room and run to meet the person we are eager to see. It seems natural to clench our fist or perhaps even pound to the lectern to let every one realize the importance of our message when trying to communicate a strong feeling, which emphasize our words.”(Lilina
43、, Lihua Yaoshanglian 64) In our daily life, everyone makes gestures, but many gestures have distinct regional and cultural features. “Dont assume that everyone in the world understands one gesture in the same way.”(Joseph Deveto 44) Americans often touch their temples to express somebodys cleverness
44、. But this action means there is something wrong with ones mind or one is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full. In western culture, people stretch out ones fore finger and swing it left and right, which signals to warn some
45、body not to do something. The phrase “cross ones fingers” means blessing somebodys good luck. In America, people hold their thumbs and fore fingers into a circle and stretch up the other fingers, which means “OK” in America, but it means somebody is fired by boss in Japan. In China, holding up ones
46、thumb means good, and raising ones litter finger means bad. In America, waving ones hand means goodbye. But South Americans will not leave when they see this gesture, in turns; they will run towards you.People from English-speaking countries turn around their rings constantly to show nervousness or
47、uneasiness. Now people from Taiwan and Hong Kong also have this gesture. But if people in the mainland of China act like this, they will be regarded they are showing off richness. It is clear to see the same gesture with different meanings in different cultures, and people from different cultures wi
48、ll express same meaning by different gestures. So it is necessary for us to know the cultural difference to avoid misunderstanding. C. Postures According to Chinese tradition, people who are sitting have right to take charge of others: Monarch sits and officer stands; father sits and son stands; lea
49、der sits and employee stands and so on. So the younger give the old a seat to show respect. But in America and Britain, people who are in charge of others have tendency to stand. They will make use of the height of space to indicate the high status. In fact, this statement refers that peoples postures, attitude and other body language can deliver more hidden information. Peopl