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1、THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE LANGUAGE ON ENGLISH: POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE 【题目】浅析汉语对英语的影响摘要: 本文从分析汉语对英语影响的不可避免性在英语学习环境、英语教学、英语学习者认知过程中的表现入手, 对有关母语对目标语的影响的定论作比较后，指出汉语对英语学习和英语语言积极影响的存在。并从英汉民族的思维方式、语言结构、及部分交际文化差异比较方面,剖析了汉语对英语学习的消极影响的原因，提出:增强跨文化交际意识,对汉语的影响“兴利防弊”；文化因素教学的方法途径。【关键词】汉语语言 英语语言 文化影响 ABSTRACT:The infl
2、uence of Chinese language on English is unavoidablly existing in the study environment, of teaching and cognative processing production. Based on an analysis of the target language, the positive influence of Chinese language on English is defined. The negative influence of Chinese language on Englis
3、h is dissected by a comparision between Chinese language and English in thought patterns,linguistic structures and communicative culture. A conclusion is emphasizing attentions to intercultural communication,applying the positive and reducing the negative influence of Chinese language on English by
4、means of culture teaching and learning. KEY WORDS: Chinese language English language cultural influence.INTRODUCTIONEnglish has been a very popular foreign language for learners in China since 1980s. In various fields, English, as an international communicative languge, plays a powerful, important a
5、nd necessary role in Chinese peoples life.Both the government and the people take English seriously .For examples , English is decided to be a required course in schools and a required language test for anyone who wants to be granted a deploma, an acdemic degree or a title of his profession by the g
6、overnment. In some developed cities,parents even make their young children learn English before schooling. Chinese linguists also have conducted comprehensive researches on English learning in China and draw different conclusions. As one of the disputing issues-the influence of Chinese language on E
7、nglish which usually leads to a confusion for learners. This paper will discuss whether this kind of influence is positive or negative or both.PRESENT SITUATION OF ENGLISH LEARNING IN CHINAGenerally speaking,following events and conditions should be seen before a discussion about the influence of Ch
8、inese language on English .A. Environment faced by English learners in China.Many English- speaking people continuously come into China in recent years. Some of them even work or teach in China.Or many Chinese people go abroad to learn English.So people have chances to communicate with foreigners. E
9、nglish programes are also increasing in TV or radio in recent years. But most of the English learners are still in China. In most time,they have to use Chinese laguage in daily life passively. Even in some foreign language universities, Chinese students including those English majors have to listen
10、to, speak, read or write in Chinese language in daily life. As a result, most of English learners cannot avoid Chinese language. B.Present English teaching.In foreign languages universities, foreign language is taught and used at the same. Compared with the situation in university, we have to consid
11、er that our English teaching in middle schools is so poor that is depends on Chinese language to be taught. So Chinese language is used in English teaching in many middle schools. According to linguistic rules, English should be taught entirely as possible as it can be, but it is a long way to go.C.
12、 Chinese language is found to have a new function in English production.In Dynamic Research Into L1 on L2 Writing(1997)1, Guo Chunjie and Liu Fang developed two models of information processing operations of L1 on L2 learners congnitive processing in L1 proctection.The first model is the macro-const
13、ruction of the L2 production. It refers to the main sequence of thinking operations of L2 composition on the level of discourse planning, the other is micro- construction of the L2 producion, in the study, it is a sentence level information processing model. the Formulation of the theoretical framew
14、ork of this research focuses on the identification of the two cognitive processing models.In discussion of the two cognitive production models,it is pointed that there are some crucial albeit covert, aspects of L1 effect on L2 production. These aspects are L1s services as intermediary language in lo
15、gic( meaning) reasoning processing , in the formal monitoring in targot language output , and in mutual retrieval of the world conception and the target language. From Guo and Lius research, we know Chinese language works in English output is known as an existing fact.Summing up the present situatio
16、n of English learning in China, the influence of Chinese language is avoidablly lying in three sides, English learning, teaching and production. And both linguists and teachers should do a further reseach on this kind of influence and enlighten English learners. .SET VIEWS ABOUT L1S INFLUENCE ON L2A
17、.Transfer theoryThe traditional linguists chose grammatical structure of the target language production as a question for study. Zobl(1979,1984,1986)and Wenzell( 1989) emphasised on exploring the grammatical influence of L1 on L2s structure. Zobl(1984,1986) advanced the negation rule and verberinal
18、word order,etc. Schavhter(1983),Gass(1984,1987) and Krashen(1981,1983)focused on the result of the targer language production. after a commparison of the target language of the foreign language learners whos native languages are different, or a describing of the relationships between the target lang
19、uage production and native language, these linguists have drawn aconclusion that the main inflence of L1 on L2 was transfering, both the positive and negative influence of L1 was included in this transfer theory.B. The controled use of L1 principleHow to deal with the native language in English clas
20、s is a question to teaching and studying, middle school students have been familar with their native language and have been used to thinking in native thinking patterns,to learn and to understand a new thing.When they are learning English, they usually try to have the aid of Chinese language, the sk
21、ills and knowledge of Chinese language students have aquired have both a positive and a negative influence on English learning. So teachers should consider the positive influence as a necessary help.But English teaching should not depend on Chinese language only when it is very necessary to use. con
22、troling the use of Chinese language and avoiding the negative influence are proper ways.C. The invovling theoryJust as what Guo Chun -jie and Liu Fang have got in their experiment,based on the three functions of Chinese language influence on English,Guo and Liu drrew a further conclusion.They pointe
23、d out that:L1(Chinese) influence plays a more significant role in L2( English) production than traditionally supposed, and L1 influence on L2 production is a largely convert;it lies in the high -level cognitive operations in language production .The given suggestion as that the term invole should re
24、place by the term transfer in opposition to the traditonal linguists.Thire conclusion is that L1 does invovle in cognitive operations in L2 production.D. Forget native languageHow Marx learn foreign languages is a text in the old textbook of senior middle school students.In this text,Karl Marx said
25、If you were studying a foreign language, youd better forget your native language.It was important to grasp the idioms and grammars of the foreign language . Although Marx did not point out the native language had a negative influence,his words and attitude just suggested the meaning it seems that th
26、e native language has a big negative influence on the target language ,so youd better to forget it when learning a foreign language.In these four wiews, Transfer theory and the controled use of L1 principle are more objective.Both of them share one point essentially. i. e. Chinese language has two i
27、nfluences on Englishthe positive one and the negative one.The question how to influence English makes them different.Both the controled use of L1 principle and the invovling theory are connected in logic.The controled use of L1 principle points out the fact that Chinese language involves in learning
28、 English, and the invovling theory just demonstrates its existance by means of the experiments. The controled use of L1 principle and the invovling theory share the point that native language has some positive influence on English at least ,The controled use of L1 principle means to control the use
29、of native language in teaching in a teachers stand. The invovling theory disclose that native language plays a significant role in cognative operations in target language production in a learners stand. However,only when a learner is in the country where target language is spoken, its true to forget
30、 ones native language. Now answer to the questionthe influence of Chinese language on English,is found in the positive and the negative two sides soundly. A piece of advice can be given to English learner simitately. That is whenever you are learning English in China , youd better pay attention to t
31、hese two influence of Chinese language. POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE LANGUAGE ON ENGLISH A. Learners can get English knowldege from transferable Chinese knowledge.Before learners study a foreign language, they have grasped some knowledge about the world in Chinese language.When they are learning En
32、glish ,they can get a conception of the world from Chinese language directly. For example, when a learner is useing an English-Chinese dictionary, he can understand an English words by its Chinese meaning.B. Chinese language communicative competence is partly transfered to English communicative comp
33、etence.Before learning English, most of students can use Chinese language to communicate with others. They have a certain communicative competence in Chinese language. During the course of learning , part of his communicative competece is transfered to English. For example,a Chinese student has know
34、 您好 ! is a greeting expression. After he has known Hello! is also anexpression for greeting ,he can use it to greet sb.He can judge a proper occasion as greeting time and use greeting expressions properly.C. Translation from Chinese to English plays a significant role in two ways.One way is that som
35、e translations effect English syntax. In English , some expressions are originally translated from Chinese language according to Chinese syntax.But they are acknowledged by English- speaking people publicly. For examples : 一箭双雕 one shot,two hawks. 事半功倍 effort halved,result doubles. 事倍功半 effort doubl
36、ed, result halves. 精神污染 spirtual pollution 精神文明 spiritual civilization 一国两制 one state, two systems Another way is that some English expressions absorbed the meaning of language directly. From newsweek(83-08-01, 84-04-30) and Time ( 84- 08- 20) published in American, including president Nixons articl
37、es , many Chinese- colored English are found. They occured in three ways: (A) notheing English in Chinese pinyin: a, a yokel(土包子) guaxi-personal connections(关系) clanwei-word unit (单位) xiao pingzi-little bottle (小瓶子) (B) direct translation: grain rats(粮耗子) cigaratte tigers (香烟老虎) a pool of stagnant w
38、ater(一潭死水) central document No. 1(一号中央文件) (C) transfer Chinese sayings and proverbs : They do not dare touch a tigers backsider. 他们不敢摸老虎屁股. Sit on the mountain and watch the tigers fight. 坐山观虎斗 Deng xiaoping has called upon his people to seek ruth from facts. 实事求是 At our first meeting, it is like ol
39、d times. 一见如故These examples show that the influence of Chinese language on English is positive sometimes. So these positive influence is useful to develop English learners linguistic competence , and learners should take English as a way to transmit culture with a Chinese character. Not to neglect i
40、ts exitstance or exaggrater its effect is a required attitude. NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF L1 ON L2Negative influence of Chinese language lies in two ways:A. Grammatical errorsChinese students often use Chinese grammatical rules in English except splling mistakes or lecxical mistakes. These students make
41、sentences according to the thought patterns of Chinese. So their sentence has a Chinese structure with an English form. It is called chinglish. Of course, the meaning of the sentence is wrong or the sentence can not express a meaning properly. For example, students often saythis is what? to ask what
42、 is this ? at the very beginning.B. Pragmatic failure The causes of this problem are :(1)speak in an unproper way; ( 2) speak in an unproper expression or (3) speake at an unproper time. For example, oneday, the boss said thank you for your help to his woman secretary because he thought she had done
43、 a good job.The secretary answeredNever mind in stead of It is my pleasure. In fact , when somebody says apology to you, youd better say Nevermind.It is an expression of self- comforming. Here, the secretary used the expression wrongly although these two expressions have an equal translated meaning
44、in Chinese. Another example is that: Mr.Brown is a strong man in his 70s. A young Chinese student who lived in Browns house three years ago will visit Mr.Brown. When they meet in street, Chinese student says you have not changed much.But Mr.Brown feels unhappy. Chinese students words does not mean Y
45、ou havent hear old and Mr Brown understands it as You are still like what you are before in his value as an American. A compliment from a Chinese is adisprage in Mr.Browns cultural background makes a trouble.From these,the following conclusion can be drawn. The negative influence of Chinese language
46、 mainly effect English in three ways, the grammatical structure. the expression and the communicative pragmatic, the original cause is the thought patern, language structure and cultural differences between Chinese language and English. . DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE BETWEEN CHINESE AND ENGLI
47、SHi) Relationship between language and culture Generally speaking, culture consist of all the shared products of human society (Rebertson, 1981) . This means not only such material things as cities, orgnizations and schools,but also non-material things such as ideas, customs, family. Patterns, langu
48、ages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society,the ways of a people.Language is a part of culture and play a very important role in it. Some social scientists consider it the key- stone of culture. Without language, they maitain,culture would not be possible. On the other hand , language influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture. In the b