高考英语语法精品教案:专题八情态动词和虚拟语气.pdf

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1、1 / 37 情态动词主要用来表示说话人的情感、态度等,是中学英语语法的 重点,也是高考的热点,是单项填空必考的一个知识点。情态动词 在近五年高考中主要考查四点:情态动词表示推测和可能性的用 法;情态动词与虚拟语气;情态动词表达“ 情感、态度、语气等” ; 情态动词表示“ 必要性 ” 等方面的用法。虚拟语气的考点主要集中在 名词性从句、条件句中的用法,以及错综条件句中虚拟语气的应 用。 一、 情态动词表推测的用法 情态动词意 义 语气句式语 境 例句备注 must 一 定 可能 性最 大 肯定 句 对 具 体 事 实 的 判 A: Look, someone is coming. Who ca

2、n it be? B: It 对现在的行为或状态的推 测: must/may/might/can/could do 对过去的行为或状态 的推测: must/may/might/can/could may/might(might 可能性小于 may 可 能 可能 性较 小, 尤其 肯定 句、 否定 句 ( 可 2 / 37 might 最不 肯定 能不 断may be our headmaster. A: It cant be him. He has gone to Shanghai. B: It must be Mr. Wang. He looks like our headmaster. T

3、hat may not be true. He couldnt have discovered the truth. have done can/could (could 可能性小于 can 可 能 疑问 句、 否定 句 ( 不 可 能 、 (could 有时 也用 于肯 定句 有 时 会 肯定 句 情 态 动 词 意义 语气句式 语境 例句备注 3 / 37 should /ought to 应 该 , 理应 理 论 上 Its 8 oclock now. He should be in the office now. Hi, Mum! Im on the bus. I should be

4、home in about ten minutes. 常表示在一段 时间内可能发 生的事或某人 的期望。一般 句末有时间状 语,或有语境 暗示。所表示 的猜测发生的 可能性很大。 注意: should (ought to表示推测是高考考查的重点和难点。如: When can I come for the photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon. 9noA4pZzee They _ be ready by 12:00. Acan Bshould C might D need 【解读】 BA 项表示推测时常用于否定句和疑问句中。C 项 表示推测语气不太肯定。sh

5、ould意为“ 按理说,理应 ” ,既回答了顾 客的询问,不失礼貌,又为照片有可能尚未洗好,顾客到时取不到 留下了回旋的余地,体现了店主的精明与用词经过仔细推敲。 9noA4pZzee 二、情态动词的其他用法 1can, could, may, might 4 / 37 情态动词意义例句备注 can/could 能力 I can see some birds flying in the sky. Could the girl read before she went to school? could 表示泛指过去的某 一能力。表示过去有能力 并且成功地做了某事,通 常用was/were abl

6、e to do,相当于managed to do/succeeded in doing 。如: Because he practised hard, he was able to pass the driving test. 情态动词意义例句备注 can/could 允许 ( 有 时 可与 may 互 换 Can/May I have a look at your photos ? can与could 、 may与 might不表时态差异,只 是 语 气 上 的 差 别 , could/might比 can/may 更委婉。注意在回答时不 能用 could/ might。请求 Can/Coul

7、d you lend me a hand ?Yes, I can. 情态动词意义例句备注 5 / 37 may/might 允许或 请求 You may take this if you like. May/Might I ask for a photo of your baby? can与could 、 may与 might不表时态差异,只 是 语 气 上 的 差 别 , could/might比 can/may 更委婉。注意在回答时不 能用 could/ might。 2.must, should 情 态 动词 意义 例句备注 must 必须 We must help each other

8、 to overcome the difficulties. Must I finish the work today ? No, you neednt/you dont have to./Yes, you must. You mustnt take photos here, and it is forbidden. must表示主观 意志, have to表 示 客 观 。 如 : They had to speed up, for the weather turned terrible. Must I/we ?的否定回 答不能用 mustnt 。 偏要 硬要 非要 Why must you

9、 always interrupt me? Can I borrow your car, 表示与说话人愿望 相反及不耐烦。 6 / 37 Mum?If you must. 情态 动词 意义例句备注 should 应该 (常 与 oughtto 通用 You should be polite to the old. ought to 的 否 定 式 : ought not to(oughtnt to; 疑问式: Ought to ? 竟然 It is strange that he should react in this way. 表示惊讶、意外等 语气。 万一 Should anyone p

10、hone, tell them I will call back later. ( If anyone should phone If I should go there tomorrow, I would go to see her. 用于 if 从句中强调 “ 万一 ” ,或用于虚 拟语气。 3. need, dare 情 态 动词 例句注意事项 7 / 37 need I neednt go at once. Need you go at once?Yes,I must. /No, I neednt. need 可以作实义动词,用于 各种句式。如: I need to go at onc

11、e.I dont need to go at once. Do you need to go at once?Yes,I do.need 作 情态动词常用于否定、疑问或条 件句中。 dare He darent cross the river. How dare you say that to me? dare 和 need 一样,既可以作情 态动词,也可用作实义动词。用 作情态动词时,主要用于否定 句、疑问句和条件句。用作实义 动词时,可用于各种句式。如: He didnt dare (to go out alone at night. (在否定句中 to 有时可省略 4.shall/wil

12、l/would 情 态 动词 意义例句备注 shall 表示征询意 见。 Shall I help you? 用 于 第 一 、 第 三 人 称 疑 问 句 中。 8 / 37 表示说话人 的意愿,有 “ 命 令 , 允 诺,警告, 决 心 ” 等 意 思。 You shall do as I say. (命令 You shall have the book tomorrow. ( 允诺 If you dont get out, I shall knock you down. ( 警告 用 于 第 二 、 第 三人 称。 4.shall/will/would 情态动词意义 例句备注 will/

13、would 表示 意愿 I will do everything for you. None is so blind as those who wont see. 表请 求 Will/ Would you please close the window? 用 于 疑 问 句 中 。 would 更委婉 表示 某种 倾向 或习 惯性 动作 Fish will die without water. Every time she was in trouble , she would turn to him for help. (would 指过 去某一段时间的情况, 常与表示过去的时间状 语连用,意

14、为“ 总是, used to 表示与现在 的情况相反,表示 “ 过去如此而现在不 再这样 ” 。其后既可 接表动作的动词, 也可接表状态的动 词 。 如 : There used to be an 9 / 37 总会 ” ,后面只能接动 作性的动词。 apple tree in front of the house. 4.shall/will/would 情态动词意义例句备注 will/would 表示 功 能 ( 能 , 行 If you dont have a pen, a pencil will do.We tried the door again , but it wouldnt op

15、en. 与否定词连用常 表示“ 拒绝” 。 表示 推 测 ( 可 能、 大 概 This will be the house you are looking for. I would be about ten when my father left home. 二、 情态动词 have done 情态动词意义例句备注 10 / 37 must have done; may/might have done ; can/could have done 一 定 ( 肯 定 句 ; 可 能 ( 肯 定 句 和 否 定 句 ; 可 能 ( 疑 问 句 和 否 定 句 You cant/couldnt h

16、ave met my grandmother. She died before you were born. 对 过 去 的 事 情 的推测 might have done; couldhave done ; would have done 本 来 可 能 做 而 未 做;本可以 做 而 未 做;本来会 做 而 未 做 He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.We could have walked there, and it was so near. 与 过 去 事 实 相 反的虚拟表达 情态动词意义例句

17、备注 should/ought to have done 本应该 做 而 未 做 Your brother has failed English exam again. You ought to have given him more 表示责备 11 / 37 help. neednt have done 本 不 需 要 做 但 却 做了 You neednt have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today. 四、虚拟语气 虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实,而是一种假设、愿 望、怀疑或推测。 1虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 if 从句主句

18、与现在事实相 反 if 主 语 动 词过去式 主语 should/would/could/might 动词原形 与过去事实相 反 If 主 语 had过去分词 主语 should/would/could/might have 过去分词 与将来事实相 反 (1 if 主语 动词过去式 主语 should/would/could/ might 动词原形 (2if 主 语 were to 动词 12 / 37 原形 (3 if 主语 should 动 词 原形 If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明 天下雨的话,我就不开

19、车了。(明天的情况还不知道 9noA4pZzee If I had done it in time, I should have had a good time. 如 果我及时做的话,日子就好过多了。(可惜当时没能及时做 9noA4pZzee 注意: (1 主句中的should通常用于第一人称,would 可用于任何人 称。 (2 条件句中如果动词是be,其过去式所有人称的单复数都可用 were ;在第一、三人称单数的口语中,可用was 代替 were 。但在 if I were you中,不能说成 if I was you。9noA4pZzee (3 当条件从句的行为与主句所表示的行为所发生

20、的时间不一致 时,主从句中动词的形式要根据它所标示的时间作出相应的调整, 这就是所谓的 “ 错综条件虚拟语气 ” 。如:9noA4pZzee If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.9noA4pZzee 如果他们以前努力学习的话,现在干得就会容易些了。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 9noA4pZzee 13 / 37 如果他不听我的建议,他就不会干得这么好了。 (4 在条件句中,如果有were, had, shou

21、ld 等,则可省略 if ,但 应注意把 were, had, should等提到从句主语之前。9noA4pZzee 如:If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. Were he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他来, 我将和他一道参加讨论。9noA4pZzee (5 有些虚拟条件句没有从句,虚拟条件句是通过上下文或介词短 语表示出来的。如: But for air and water, there would be no life on the earth. 要

22、是没有空气和水,地球上就没有生命。(介词短语 but for提供了 虚拟条件 9noA4pZzee With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你 的帮助,我们就可以早些完成任务。(介词短语 with your help充当 虚拟条件句 9noA4pZzee 2虚拟语气在 wish 从句中的用法 专题八 正面解读 宾语从句愿望 I wish 主语动词过去式 现在不能实现的愿 望 主语 had过去分词 过去不能实现的愿 望 主语would/might动词原形 将来不能实现的愿 望 14 / 37 I wish I were a doc

23、tor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在 I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。 (将来 I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. 我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去 3虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用 (1 在insist; command , order; demand , request, require ,desire ;advise, propose, suggest ,recommend等表示 “ 命令、要求、建议” 的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。 如:9noA4pZzee

24、He suggests that she (should leave the house at once.9noA4pZzee 他要她立刻离开这所房子。 He proposed that we (should deal with the problem by the view of development. 9noA4pZzee 他建议我们应该用发展的眼光处理这个问题。 (2 与 上 述 动词 相 对 应的 名 词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句、同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气(should 可省略 。如:9noA4pZzee My pro

25、posal is that we (should set a deadline for handing in the plan. 9noA4pZzee 我的建议是为这个计划设定一个上交的期限。 (3 在It be suggested (ordered, demanded, 15 / 37 proposed, that 结构中,主语从句中也要使用虚拟语气。如: 9noA4pZzee Its required that every student be on time for school. 9noA4pZzee 要求每个学生准时到校。 (4 在 do you suggest/recommend用

26、在特殊疑问句中作插入语 时,句子的动词也使用虚拟语气,即“ should 动词原形 ” 的形式, 其中 should 可以省略。如: 9noA4pZzee What type of computer do you recommend/ suggest we (should buy? 9noA4pZzee 你建议我们买什么类型的电脑呢? (5 在Its necessary , essential, important, strange, natural等形容词that从句或Its a pity ,a shame 等名词 that 从句中,谓语动词可以使用should do 。如: 9noA4pZ

27、zee It is necessary that the badly wounded man should be treated immediately. 这位重伤员必须马上治疗。 9noA4pZzee Its a pity that you should be so careless. 你竟然如此粗心,真是可惜。 4虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 在 as if/though引导的状语从句中,谓语动词用过去式表示 与现在相反的情况;用过去完成式,表示与过去相反的情况等。其 变化与 wish 后的宾语从句的变化相同。如:9noA4pZzee Ive loved you as if you were

28、 my relative. 16 / 37 我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。 5虚拟语气在其他一些句型中的用法 (1 Its high time that- 从句中,谓语动词可以使用过去式,也 可使用should动词原形;表示 “ 早该 了” ,其中should 不可省 略。如: 9noA4pZzee Its high time we got up/should get up. 我们早该起床了。 (2 would rather 从句中,谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来 的情况相反;用过去完成式,表示与过去的情况相反。如:9noA4pZzee I would rather you came tomo

29、rrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 (3 if only 要是 多好啊。如: If only you hadnt offended him. 你当时不惹他就好了。 If only he could come tomorrow. 他明天能来就好了。 (4 其他一些表示祝愿的句型。如: May you succeed !祝你成功! Long live the Peoples Republic of China. 中华人民共和国万岁! 1. 【误】 The streets are all dry; it mustnt have rained last night. 9noA4pZzee 【正】 The s

30、treets are all dry; it cant have rained last night. 9noA4pZzee 【解读】 对某一事实的否定推测不能用must ,而要用cant 17 / 37 或 couldnt表示“ 不可能 ” 。 2【误】 I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might be ill, I guess. 9noA4pZzee 【正】 I didnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess. 9noA4pZze

31、e 【解读】猜的事情发生在昨天,因此要用情态动词have done 形式,当动词是be 时,很容易忽略它的时态意义,要特别留 意。9noA4pZzee 3【误】 He must be very friendly at times. 【正】 He can be very friendly at times. 【解读】句意为:他有时会很友好。可知此处并非对现在的 状态进行推测,而是一种理论上的可能性,因此用can。9noA4pZzee 4【误】 I cant find my keys. I may/might forget them on the playground yesterday. 9no

32、A4pZzee 【正】 I cant find my keys. I may/might have left them on the playground yesterday. 9noA4pZzee 【解读】表示对过去情况的推测,通常用must/may/might have done sth. 另外,表示 “ 把 忘记在某地 ” 应用动词leave 。 9noA4pZzee 5【误】The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone could get out. 9noA4pZzee 【正】The fire spread throug

33、h the hotel quickly, but 18 / 37 everyone was able to get out. 9noA4pZzee 【解读】表示在过去成功地做到了某事,肯定句中通常用 was/were able to do sth.。9noA4pZzee 6【误】 Will I open the window for you? 【正】 Shall I open the window for you? 【解读】shall 与第一、第三人称连用,表示征求意见或请求 指示,这时不可用will 。will 通常与第二人称连用,即Will you ? 9noA4pZzee 7【误】 Th

34、e plant is dead. Maybe I should give more water. 9noA4pZzee 【正】 The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given more water. 9noA4pZzee 【解读】根据第一句可知,植物已经死亡,所以应该是自 责:本应该多浇些水的。要用should have done 形式表示 “ 本应该 做 而未做” 。9noA4pZzee 8【误】 Hadnt they saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 9noA4pZz

35、ee 【 正 】Had they not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 9noA4pZzee 【正】If they had not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 9noA4pZzee 【解读】 当条件中含有 were, had, should等时,可省略 if , 从而把 were, had, should提到主语之前。若条件句为否定句,则只 19 / 37 把 were, had, should提前,not 仍放在主语之后

36、。9noA4pZzee 9【误】 If only I saw the film yesterday. 【正】 If only I had seen the film yesterday. 【解读】if only 后句子若表示过去的一种愿望,其谓语动词 应用过去完成式,即if only sb. had done sth. 。9noA4pZzee 1Everyone in my class passed the exam. Oh,really ?It _ difficult. Acant have been Bneednt have been Cmust be Dmightnt be 【解读】A考

37、查情态动词。对过去进行推测,表示“ 一定不 ” 应使用cant have done 。句意为: “ 我们班上每个人都通过了考 试。”“哦,真的吗?那题目一定不难。” 9noA4pZzee 22009安徽卷 Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy ; they _ just be quiet people.9noA4pZzee Amust B may Cshould D would 【解读】 B句意为:有些人不喜欢讲话不一定是害羞,他们 可能是安静的人。此处用may 表示“ 可能” 之意。9noA4pZzee

38、3Why didnt you answer the phone last night? I _ when you called. Ahad to have slept 20 / 37 Bhad to be sleeping Cmust have been sleeping Dmust have slept 【解读】C由时间状语和结合语境来看,这是对过去某个时 间点正在发生事情的肯定推测,再结合题意,应该是must have been doing 结构,选 C。9noA4pZzee 4When I lived with my roommates in the university, we _ o

39、ften talk into the night. 9noA4pZzee Amight B must C should D would 【解读】D这里描述的是过去经常发生的动作(或过去经常 做的事情 。 5This is the first time I _ my first picture with my own hands. 9noA4pZzee It is time that you _ a picture for me. Atook; took Bhave taken; took Ctook; will take Dwill take; have taken 【解读】 BThis/It

40、 is the first time that 中,从句的谓 语动词通常用现在完成式;Its (high time that 中,从句谓语动 词通常用一般过去式(即虚拟语气 ,意为 “ 该是做 的时候了 ” 。 9noA4pZzee 21 / 37 6Why hasnt Jack come back yet ?_anything have happened to him? 9noA4pZzee Im not sure, but I guess something_. AMay;must have B Can;may have CMust ;may D Dare ;might have 【解读】

41、 B考查情态动词。在一般疑问句或特殊疑问句中表 推测时常用can 或 could ,推测发生过的事情时情态动词后要接完 成式,只能选 B。9noA4pZzee 7 It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it_ be rather cold sometimes. 9noA4pZzee Amust B can Cshould D would 【解读】Bcan 用在肯定句中可以指 “ 有时会,可能会 ” ,表 示客观情况或逻辑上的可能性。句意为:三月份在我们家乡通常比 较暖和,但有时也会非常冷。 9noA4pZzee 8Liza_ well

42、not want to go on the tripshe hates traveling. 9noA4pZzee Awill B can Cmust D may 【解读】Dmay well (not do sth. 意为 “ 很可能 (不干某 事,完全 (没有可能干某事 ” 。9noA4pZzee 9Look at the floor, Tom!_you watch TV while having a meal? 9noA4pZzee AShould BCould 22 / 37 CWould DMust 【解读】 Dmust 表示与说话人愿望相反或不耐烦“ 非得、偏 要” 。如: Must

43、 you make so much noise?你就非得弄出这么大声吗? 10The soccer team has been doing well this season,so they _win the championship. 9noA4pZzee Ashould B might C would D must 【解读】 A本题考查情态动词。句意为:这个足球队在这个 季度训练得很好,因此,他们应该会赢得冠军。根据常理进行推测 表示“ 应该”时用 should 。9noA4pZzee 11When the ship sailed out from Thailand, the 16 sail

44、ors on board _ that only half of them would return again. 9noA4pZzee Awill never think Bcan never think Cneednt have thought Dcouldnt have thought 【解读】D考查 “ 情态动词完成式” 的用法。根据句意“ 当 这艘轮船从泰国驶出的时候,船上的16 名船员不会想到他们当中只 有一半的人会返回 ” 可知,这里表示对过去事情的否定推测,选D。 9noA4pZzee 12What does the sign over there read? No perso

45、n _ smoke or carry a lighted 23 / 37 cigarette in this area. 9noA4pZzee Awill B shall Cmay D must 【解读】 B考查情态动词的特殊用法。答句句意为:任何人 在这里都不能吸烟或者是携带点燃的香烟。shall 在这里表示强制, 用于法令、条约、规章中,意为“ 必须,应该 ” 。9noA4pZzee 专题八 实战演练 13Its hard to believe that such a greedy man_ donate so much to Project Hope. 9noA4pZzee Amay B

46、need Ccan D shall 【解读】C考查情态动词的特殊用法。句意为:这么贪婪的 人竟能为希望工程捐出这么多钱,真是难以置信!can 在这里表示 惊讶、不相信,意为 “ 居然会,竟能 ” 。9noA4pZzee 14For environmental reasons , we _ as well take these waste products and have them recycled. 9noA4pZzee Ashould B would C might D could 【解读】C考查情态动词。所填词与as well 构成固定搭 配,意思是不妨,用might ,选 C。 15W

47、e _ here at lunch time; we were delayed at the airport, though. 9noA4pZzee Acould be Bshould be Cmust have been Dwould have been 【解读】 Dwould have done sth.表示与已经发生的事实相 24 / 37 反,意思是 “ 本来会 但实际没有 ” 。句意为:我们本来能在午餐时 到达,但我们在机场被延误了。 9noA4pZzee 16Jenny took the 8:00 bus to Guangzhou this morning. 9noA4pZzee

48、Really?He _ the 9:00 train. Its much more comfortable and safer to travel by train. 9noA4pZzee Acould have taken B should take Cmust have taken Dcan take 【解读】A考查情态动词的用法。上句表示珍妮已乘坐8 点的汽车去了广州。答句句意为:她本可以坐9 点的火车去的,坐 火车舒服得多,安全得多。“ 情态动词could完成式 ” 表示“ 本来可 以,而实际上并没有那么做” 。9noA4pZzee 172010四川卷 _ I take the book out? Im afraid not. AWill B May C Must D Need 【解读】 B考查情态动词词义辨析。 may 用于一般疑问句

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