句子结构和成分分析.pdf

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1、1 第一章英语句子结构和成分 分析 英语属于结构性语言。英语的句子成分要按照特定的 顺序（句子结构）来组织。特定的句子成分要用特定的词 性或语法结构来充当，特定的词性或语法结构只能充当特 定的成分。因此，要学好英语，一定要掌握好词性、句子 成分和句子结构等内容。学好这些内容是学习好其他语法 知识的基础。 第1讲相关概念 考点 1. 词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在 记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知 道如何使用它们， 所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性 记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transi

2、tive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词 modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 口诀： n.为名， v.为动； adv.副 adj.形； prep.借， pron.代； num.数 art.冠， co

3、nj.连 interj .感叹 考点 2. 及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义 动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. (open 后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open 后面有宾语 the door, 此时， open 是及物动词。 ) 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键 是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 A. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。 如： The meeting began at six. We began the

4、 meeting at six. B. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不 同。如： The man walked away. (walk 不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词，“遛” ) C. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。 He listensto the music every day. (listen 为不及物动词， 而 汉语中“听”是及物动词。) D. 有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。 I don t know what to do. I don t know why/how/

5、when to do. 第一个句子是正确的，what 是 do 的宾语。 第二个句子需要在do 后加 it. E. think, insist, agree, reply 等词，后面可直接跟宾语从句， 但跟名词代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词。 I think it s interesting. What do you think of the film? I replied that I was unable to help them. 我回答说我不能帮助他们。 He has not yet replied to my question. 他还没有回答我的问题。 He insisted

6、 that I (should) apologize to her. 他坚持我应该向她道歉。 He insistedon paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。 He insistedon immediate payment. 他坚持要求对方立即付款。 练习 1.指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动 词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 1.Most birds can fly.（） 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 3.It happened yesterday. （） 4.My watch stop

7、ped.（） 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （） 7.Shall I begin at once?（） 8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（） （） 9.When did they leave Beijing? （） 10. They left last week.（） 2 练习 2.改错： 1.He never dreamed of that one day

8、he would become President. 2.What do you think the plan ？ 3.He never replied any of my letters. 4.He insisted staying up to nurse the patient. 5.He entered into the classroom quietly. 6.He will marry with her next month. 考点 3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作 用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独

9、立作谓语的动词。如： He lives quite near. (live“住” ，有明确的意义，单独作谓 语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语， 为实义动词。） I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买” ，意义明确，单 独作谓语，为实义动词。 ） 助动词 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指 那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定 句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意 义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 A. 帮助构成时态的： The boy iscrying. (is 用

10、来帮助构成现在进行时，和 crying 一起作谓语，是助动词。) He has arrived. (has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived 一起作谓语，是助动词。) I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现 在完成进行时，和painting 一起作谓语，都是助动词。 ） B. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的： Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有 具体意义，是助动词。) He does nt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定 句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) C.

11、 帮助构成被动语态的 Trees are planted in spring. (are 帮助构成被动语态，没有 具体意义，是助动词。) The house has been pulled down. (has been 帮助构成时态 和语态，是助动词。) D. 帮助构成虚拟语气 If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词， 属于谓 语的一部分。 ) E. 帮助构成倒装句的 So much did he love his mother that he bought h

12、er many presents on her birthday. (他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买 了许多礼物。 did 只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义， 是助动词。 ) F.帮助构成强调意义的 He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。 did 起强调作用， 没有具体意义，是助动词。) 因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们 为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动 词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。 He did his homework at seven o clock. (did 单独作谓语， 意为“做”，

13、是实义动词。) Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助动词，帮助 构成一般疑问句，do 是实义动词，意为“做” ，是实义 动词。 ) He hashad breakfast. (has 是助动词，帮助构成现在完成 时， had 是实义动词，意为“吃” 。has had一起构成了 句子的谓语。 ) 练习 3.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。 1.Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? 2.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming. 3.Where does( ) he live ( )? 4.He does

14、 ( ) some washing after work. 5.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. 6.The bridge has( ) been ( ) built( ) now. 7.I have ( ) been ( )waiting ( ) for you all day. 8.He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone. 情态动词 情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义 动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情 态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义， 而情态动词有自己的意义。如： He can

15、swim across the river. (can 的词义为“能够”) You must stay at home. (must 词义为“必须”) I might leave tomorrow.（might 的词义为“或 第2讲句子成分 3 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主 语、谓语、宾语、 定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除 了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说 法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分 在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主 语或宾语的一部分。 考点 4. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面

16、画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木 桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥 补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点 1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常 由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词2. 代词3. 数词 4. 不定式5. 动名词6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。 如果它

17、们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后 面。 On the desk are somebooks. (主语是 books，所以用 are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是 the boy，所以用 jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是 the days，所以用 are) 练习 1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class.

18、 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isnt at home

19、is not true. 10. There comes the bus. 11. Beyond the village lies a small village. 12. Now comes your turn. 考点 2. 谓语 谓语由动词充当， 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征 和状态。谓语的构成如下： A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语： 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for t

20、wo weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He didn t attend the meeting yesterday. 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和 表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点 3. 表语 表语多是形容词， 用以说明主语的身

21、份、 特征和状态， 它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、 数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、 副词及表语从句表示。 练习 2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to

22、teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好） is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点 4. 宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者， 一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为 动词宾语 和介词宾语 。 练习 3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 4 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you ha

23、ve?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think （that）he is fit for his office. 考点 5. 宾语补足语 宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说， 在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等） +宾语 +宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、 不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充

24、当。 练习 4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么 词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustn t force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our ci

25、ty what your city is now. 8.I want your homework done on time. 考点 6. 主补 对主语的补充。 含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语 态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor . She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 考点 7. 定语 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或 句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰 的成分前。 在英语中

26、，许多情况下， 定语是放在所修饰词后面的， 这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要 原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况： A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. ( 那儿的人们 ) He didn t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语 作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。 The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边

27、的那个人） C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。 The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John. （我们班最高的那个男孩） D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后 置。 I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子） 练习 5. 口头翻译下列

28、句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意 定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。 1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. 3.We need a place twice larger than this one. 4.She carried a basket full of eggs. 5.It s a book worth no more than one dollar. 6.It s a city far from the coast. 7.He h

29、as money enough to buy a car. 8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. 10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. 12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on t

30、he way back home. 13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. 15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team. 考点 8. 状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状 态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。 He writes carefully. He walks slowly. (认真地写，慢 慢地走，

31、修饰动词用副词，作状语) This material is environmentally friendly. （修饰形容词用副词，作状语） He runs very slowly. （修饰副词slowly, 因此 very 是副词，作状语） Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语） A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点 时间 一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是： 方式 地点 时间。如： 5 I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. H

32、e was walking slowlyoutside theparkatthat moment. B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大 先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最 后写几几年。 I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015. I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000 . He lives at 1120 Green Street, London. C. 频度副词 often, always, usually, sometim

33、es, never 等在句中 要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。 You can never tell what he will do. He is often late. He is always helping others. He often came late. D. 状语按意义分类 在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补 语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是 状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、 原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。 练习 6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。 1. How about meeting aga

34、in at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream co

35、me true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there

36、 is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 考点 9. 同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前 者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. (students 是 we 的同位语， 都是指同一批“学生” ） It s good to us students . 练习 7.画出下列句中的同位语。 1.The young man, my brother, works in the office. 2

37、.Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study. 3.They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train. I.单句改错 根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中的错误。 1.Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 2.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 3.Play basketball is my favorite sport. 来源 学科网 4.Giv

38、e up English is not an option. 来源 学+科+ 网 Z+X+X+K 5.By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social experience. 6.Without a friend will feel lonely. II.语法填空（每空至多填三词） 7.They planned_(take) two days off next week. 8.He practiced _ (speak) English every day. 9.Here _(be) your books. 10. On the wall _

39、(hang) two pictures. III.写作技能提升 A. 注意句子主语的形式。 11. 在我看来，早睡早起将对我们的健康有好处。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health） 12. 他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（ he failed the exam, make, upset） 13. 在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building ） 14. 我们现在正在学的知识对

40、我们将来的生活和工作都很 有帮助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future ） B. 用形容词作后置定语。 15. 你认识 Tom 旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to） 16. 尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（sendto, nearest to, as soon as possible ） 17. 我们有一个能容下3000 学生用餐的餐厅。 （dining hall, large enough, hold） C. 注意状语的顺序。 18. 那时他正在教室内认真地写

41、作业。（do his homework, in 6 the classroom, carefully, at that moment） 19. 上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard） 20. 他 昨 天 在 演 讲 比 赛 中 表 现 得 异 常 优 秀 。 （ perform incredibly well, speech contest） D. 注意频度副词的位置。 21. 我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will, forget, what he told me, never） 22. 我经常去那家超市。 （fre

42、quently, the supermarket） 23. 他总是帮助别人。 （always, helping） 24. 我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old man like that, should） 25. 活到老，学到老。 （one, never, too old to lea 第3讲简单句的五种基本结构 正确的英语句子都要符合一定的语法结构要求。英语 句子的结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。英语句子都可以看 作是这五种句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装构成的。掌 握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础，也 是学好其他语法知识的前提。 英语五种基本句型

43、结构如下： 主语 谓语 用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓宾宾补） （主系表） 主语（ subject）谓语（ predicate） 宾语（ object）定语（ attribute） 状语 (adverbial) 补语（ complement） 表语（ predicative） 考点 1. 基本句型一： （主谓） 这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语， 但可以带状语。如: It is raining now. ( ) Weve worked for 5 hours. ( ) The meeting lasted half an hour. ( ) Time

44、 flies. ( ) 练习 1.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种 基本句型中的哪一种。 1.Dark clouds hung overhead. ( ) 2.Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( ) 3.He is smiling all over his face. ( ) 4.I did well in English. ( ) 5.He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( ) 考点 2. 基本句型三： （主谓宾） 此结构是由 “主语 +及物动词 （词组） + 宾语”构成。 Sh

45、e likes English. We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday. 练习 2.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种 基本句型中的哪一种。 1.People all over the world speak English. 2.Jim cannot dress himself. 3.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 4.He did not know what to say. 5.He just wanted to stay at home. 6.He practi

46、ces speaking English every day. 考点 3. 基本句型四：(主谓间宾直宾） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给” ，pass “递” ，bring“带” ，show“展示”。这两个宾语通常一个 指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一 般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为： 动词 + 间接宾语+ 直接宾语 。 如： He gave me a cup of tea. ( ) She bought me some books. ( ) 若直接宾语为人称代词，通常不能放在后面。如： 不能说Bring me it, please.而要说 Bring it

47、 to me, please. 有时候为了强调间接宾语，把间接宾语放到后面，于是就 构成了： 7 动词 + 直接宾语+ 介词（ to 或 for）+ 间接宾语。 He gave a cup of tea to me. She bought some booksfor me. Show this house to Mr. Smith. 常跟双宾语的及物动词有： 间接宾语放后面时前面要加to 的动词： allow, bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse,

48、sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等。 间接宾语放后面时前面要加for 的动词： buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏 ), save, sing, spare等。 一般用 to 多些，用for 的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。 He got an English-Chinese Dictionary for me. She bought a book for John. My uncle made a kite for me. 练习 3.分析下列句子成分

49、，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。 1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3.He brought you a dictionary. 4.He denies her nothing. 5.I showed him my pictures. 6.I gave my car a wash. 7.I told him that the bus was late. 8.He showed me how to run the machine. 考点 4. 基本句型五：（主谓宾宾补） 有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能 表达完整的意思， 宾语后必须加上一个补充成分才能使意 思完整。所加的成分就是宾语补足语 。 宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起 构成 复合宾语 。 看下面这句话： He asked me to lend him some mon