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1、1 被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态（ The Passive
2、Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、 书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有 将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Eur
3、ope from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived， the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正
4、在进行。 2 (5) 现在完成时的被动语态 The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。 The party has been planned since the new year. 这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。 (6) 过去完成时的被动语态 By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times. 到上月底，他已被抢了至少三次。 (7) 将来完成时的被动语态 It is said that the building will have been completed before Sept
5、ember. 据说大楼将于九月前竣工。 This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天，布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。 2. 含有情态动词的被动语态 Water mustnt be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。 Electric energy can be changed into light enery. 电能可以转变成光能。 Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked dow
6、n. 过马路时要特别小心，要往两边看，不然会被撞倒。 3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态 Get 过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本 身。如： the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？ 4. 短语动词的被动语态 (1) 动词 + 介词 This matter has been talked about recently. 这件事近来一直被谈论着。
7、Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事从未被听说过。 The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。 He has never been listened to. 人家从不听他的话。 3 (2) 动词 + 副词 The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。 A short play will be put on by them at the party. 一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。 What he said must be thought
8、 over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。 (3) 其他短语动词 Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消。 The light has just been turned off. 灯刚被关上。 Their plans are being carried out. 他们的计划正在执行中。 5. “ 主 + 动 + 宾+ 宾补 ” 句型变为被动结构 这种句型有两个宾语，一般地说一为间接宾语，一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动 结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。 We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。（主动句） He
9、 was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。（被动句） He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。（主动句） The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。（被动句） 6. “ 主 + 动 +that从句 ” 句型的被动句 有些以 that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如： People say that he is the richest man in the city. 人们说他是全市头号富翁。 It is said that he is the richest man in the city.
10、 据说他是全市头号富翁。 He is said to be the richest man in the city. 据说他是全市头号富翁。 当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要，或者不清楚谁是谓语动作的发出者时，便常常使用上 述形式的被动句。如： It was reported that the boy had been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。 The boy was reported to have been found. 据报道，男孩已被找到。 常用于上述被动句型的动词有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declar
11、e, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。 7. 含有被动意义的主动语态 4 英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句，其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作，而是其内在的性能。 这种句子的特点是：主语为无生命名词，谓语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语；否定 句的谓语可以带情态动词。如： She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。 The pen writes smo
12、othly. 这支钢笔很好写。 The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。 The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。 虚拟语气 第一章、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法 1. 非真实条件句中谓语动词的形式 条件从句结果从句 与现在事实 相反 If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词 过去式 (be 的过去式用were) I(we) should.You would. He would .They would+动词原形 与过去事实 相反 If I (we,you,he,they)+had+ 过去分词 I(we) should.You would.He
13、 would .They would +have+ 动词原形 与将来事实 可能相反 If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词 过去式 (be 的过去式用 were)/were to/should I(we) should.You would. He would .They would +动词原形 但要注意：美国英语的结果主句，不管什么人称，皆常用would。 2. 与现在事实相反的非真实条件句 虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be 的过去式用 were ），结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称 )或 would(第二、三人称)动词原形。如： I
14、am sorry I am very busy now. If I had time, I would certainly come to see you. 很抱歉，我很忙。如果有时间，我一定去看你了。 If it weren t for their support, we would be in a difficult situation. 要不是有他们的支持，我们的处境会很困难。 if places were alike, there would be little need for geographers. 如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。 5 If I were you, I
15、would apply for the job. 如果我是你，我会申请那份工作的。 What would you do if you knew who broke the glass. 要是你知道谁打破了玻璃，你会怎么办？ Even if I had the money, I wouldn t buy it. 即使我有钱也不会买它。 3. 与过去事实相反的非真实条件句 虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用had 过去分词，结果主句的 谓语用 should(第一人称 ) 或 would （第二、三人称） have 过去分词。如： If I had taken your adv
16、ice, I wouldn t have made such a mistake. 如果当时听了你的话，我就不会犯这样的错误了。 If it had not been for your help, I wouldn t have finished the work so easily. 要不是你的帮助，我的工作不会这么容易完成。 If we had known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even better. 如果我们知道这些基本原理，我们早就能更好地控制这个工序了。 If facts had be
17、en collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study them. 假使早一个星期收集事实，我们就有更多的时间研究它们了。 The conference wouldn t have been so successful if we hadn t made adequate preparation. 如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。 4. 与将来事实相反的非真实条件句 （1 ）虚拟语气用在与将来事实相反的条件句中时，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be 的过 去式用 were ）， were to或
18、 should，结果主句用should(第一人称 ) 或 would（第二、三人 称）动词原形。如： If it rained( were to rain/ should rain) tomorrow, I should stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我会呆在家里。 If the teacher knew it, he would be angry. 万一老师知道了这事，他会生气的。 I wouldn t lose courage even if I should fail again. 即使再次失败我也不会气馁。 If I made a mistake, I should try
19、 to remedy it. 假如我犯了错误，我就会设法补救。 6 If something should go wrong, the control rods would drop. 万一发生什么事故，控制杆就会下落。 (2) 在与将来事实相反的条件句中，其条件从句的谓语也可用were to 动词原形。这种虚 拟式比较正式，多用于书面语中，其假想性很强，实现性很小。如： If I were to do it, I would do it another way. 要是我来做这件事，我会用另一种方法。 If he were to come tomorrow, I would speak to
20、him about it. 假如明天他来，我会跟他谈这个问题。 5. 情态助动词用于虚拟语气 有不少情态助动词也可用于虚拟语气。如： May you live a long and happy life. 愿你长寿幸福。（may只用于表示愿望） If there were no friction, an automobile could not move. 没有摩擦力，汽车就不能开动。 But for your help, we couldn t have succeeded. 要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。 If computers had not been invited, many
21、problems on space flight could not have been solved. 如果没有发明计算机的话，宇宙飞行的许多问题就不可能解决。 6. were， had ， should等置于主语之前 在书面语中， 条件从句可以不用连词if ，而将谓语中的过去式were ，had 或 should 等移至主 语之前。如： Were you in my position, what would you do? 假如你处在我的位置，你会怎么做？ Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday. 如果他今天动身，星期五前会
22、赶到那儿。 Had some work been done, energy would have been applied. 如果做了一定量的功，就一定消耗了能量。 Had they time, they would come to see you. 如果他们有时间，他们就会来看你。 Should it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨，会议就会延期。 Should he come, he would be able to examine the trial run of the machine. 如果他来，他就能检
23、验这台机器的试车情况了。 7 7. 条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致 (1) 当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的） 时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。如： If you were in better health, we would have asked you to come. 如果你身体好一些，我们早就请你来了。 If we had consulted him on the question yesterday, we should know what to do now. 假如昨天我们向他请教了这个问题，现在就知道该怎么办了。 You wou
24、ld be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见， 你现在就会好得多。 (2) 如果条件从句用if I were，结果主句则可用任何时间的虚拟形式。如： If I were not busy, I would have come. 假如我不忙，我就会去的。（were表过去） 8. 虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法 (1) 条件暗含在短语中。如： We didn t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我
25、们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise） Without your help, we wouldn t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。 （暗含条件是介词短语without your help） But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是but for your help） It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing im
26、mediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。 （暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately） Alone, she would have been terrified. (2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如： I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you） I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadnt been so bus
27、y.） You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to） I would have bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money） 8 But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。 9. 省去结果主句的非真实条件句 非真实条件句若省去结果主句，则常表示
28、一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引 导。如： If I could see him once我只要再见到他一次就好了。 If only he were here. 如果他在这儿就好了。 If only I hadn t done that. 我要是没做那事就好了 If only I had more time to think about it. 我要是有更多的时间考虑这个问题就好了。 If only you would take my advice. 你如果听我的意见就好了。 If only she didn t drive so fast! 她要是别开那么快就好了。 1
29、0. 不用 if 引导的条件句 非真实条件句的条件从句除用if 引导外，还可用when, unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case, on condition that等词语来引导。如： The government prepared to award them when the experiment should be completed. 政府已准备在实验完成后嘉奖他们。 Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust. 钢部件通常涂有油脂以免生锈。 Unless I
30、were well, I wouldn t be at work. 除非我好了，否则我不会去上班。 The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid. 电流好像液体般地流过导体。 He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged. 他小心地摆弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。 Take some more money with you in case you should need it. 多带点儿钱以备急用。 He ca
31、n use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天车能还回来，他就可以把车借去。 Suppose you were given a chance to get the job, would you accept? 9 假如你有机会得到那份工作，你会接受吗？ 但要注意：与if 一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句也可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。 第二章、虚拟语气在从句中的用法 1. 主语从句中的用法 (1) 在以 it 为形式主语的复合句中，虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等，谓语动 词用 should b
32、e型或 be 型虚拟式，在美国英语中常用be 型虚拟式。如： It s natural that she should do so. 她这么做是很自然的事。 It is essential that we should tell her the news. 我们有必要告诉她这个消息。 It is important that we should make full use of our mineral resources. 对我们来说，充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。 It is strange that the result of the experiment should be unsat
33、isfactory. 奇怪的是实验结果竟然如此令人不满意。 It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚准备好。 It was arranged that Mr Sam should go and help Bettie. 他们作了安排，由萨姆先生去帮助贝蒂。 (2) 主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态，常用在It is (was) desired (suggested，settled， proposed， recommended，requested，decided，etc.) that.句型中。 It
34、is suggested that the question should be discussed at the next meeting. 有人建议在下次会上讨论这个问题。 It is vital that he should be warned before it is too late. 在还不太晚的时候警告他是非常必要的。 It has been decided that the sports meet should be postponed till next Friday. 已决定运动会延期到下星期五。 It was requested that a vote (should)
35、be taken. 有人要求进行表决。 2. 在宾语从句中的用法 (1) wish的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式 10 动词的过去式表示对现在情况的假设。如： I wish prices would come down. 我真希望物价会下降。 I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 我希望你不要再问这种愚蠢的问题。 I wish I knew his address. 可惜我不知道他的地址。 I wish we could go with him. 我们要是能跟他一起去该多好。 had+过去分词表示对过去情况的假设。如： I wish I had
36、 known it before. 我真希望我预先知道这件事。 He wishes he hadn t been rude to his parents. 他真希望他没有对父母无礼。 She wished that she had stayed at home. 她想那时要是留在家里就好了。 I wish I could have been there yesterday. 要是我昨天到过那里该多好。 (2) would rather等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式 用 would rather(=would sooner)和 would(just)as soon(=would sooner)等表
37、示愿望， 但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。如： I would rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。 I could do it myself but I would sooner you did it. 我自己也可以做，但我宁愿你去做。 I would rather you had told me the truth. 我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。 (3) suggest等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式 用 should 动词原形或只用动词原形的that 从句，作为demand, order, prepose, request, r
38、equire, suggest,arrange, insist, command, desire, advocate, maintain, urge, direct, move, prefer, arrange, recommend等词的宾语。如： The expert proposed that TV should be turned off at least one four every day. 专家提议每天至少应该关掉电视一个小时。 The board recommended that the company should invest in the new property. 董事会
39、建议公司投资新的房地产。 11 The committee has given instructions that the manager should fly to New York. 委员会已发出指示，要经理飞往纽约。 Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered that James Van Metre should be released. 陆军部长埃德温 斯坦顿命令将詹姆斯?范?米特释放。 He asked that the arrangements be made to help them finish the work. 他要求做好安排，帮他
40、们完成工作。 Experiments demand that accurate measurements be made. 实验要求做到准确的计量。 She insisted that we take up the matter at the meeting. 她坚持要求我们在会上谈这个问题。 有些动词，如think, expect, believe 其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should 动词原形。 如： I never thought he should refuse. 我万没想到他会拒绝。 I had not expected that things should turn out lik
41、e this. 我没料到事情的结果竟是这样。 3. 在表语从句中的用法 虚拟语气也可用在表语从句中。这种从句由that （可省略）所引导，其谓语是should 动词 原形。句子主句中的主语常常是suggestion, proposal, idea, motion, order, recommendations, plan, impossibility, possibility等名词。如： His suggestion was that everyone should have map. 他的建议是每人发一张地图。 My idea is that the electronic device sh
42、ould be tested at once. 我的意见是这一电子器件要立即试验。 在主句中作主语的名词常见的有： advice， aim ， desire ， idea ， insistence， motion， necessity， order， plan ， proposal， recommendation， regulation，requirement， suggestion， wish等。 4. 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法 当与同位语从句同位的是suggestion等表示建议、 计划、 命令等的名词时，从句的谓语动词用 should+动词原形，美国英语中常用动词原形。 They made the request that the problem should be discussed as soon as possible. 他们要求尽快讨论这个问题。 He gave orders that the work should be started at once.