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1、StudyontheFunctionalZoningModesofUrban WetlandParks LIN Xiao 1， 2* ，LUANChun- feng 1 1Nanjing Forestry University ，Nanjing ，Jiangsu 210018 ；2Department of Logistics Management ；SoutheastUniversity ，Nanjing ，Jiangsu 210096 AbstractFunctionalzoning is a critical phase in the planning of parks Through
2、summarizingand analyzing the functionalzoning modes of different urban park types in China ，as well as comparingto the functionalzoning modes of nature reserves ，famousscenicareas and overseasnational parks ，the functionalzoning modes of urban wetland parks in China were elaboratedin this study ，the
3、 assumptionof further sectorizationwere put forward ，and theoreticalsupports were sought for more scientificand operable functionalzoning of urban wetland parks Key wordsWetland park ；Functionalzoning ；Biosphere ；Core area ；Buffer zone ；Transition area Received ：July 28，2009Accepted ：August 19，2009
4、*Correspondingauthor E-mail：popllinxxiaosinacom Functional zoning is a significant phase in the planning of parks，which plays a transitional role in carrying out planning thoughts，optimizing planning projects ，guiding follow-up plan- ning and finally realizing planning objectivesThe rationality of f
5、unctional zoning directly influences the success of planning Up to now，there is no exact definition for wetland park in China or abroad According to the general statements in literature da- ta，any wetland region that has the functions of protecting spe- cies and their habitats，ecological tourism and
6、 eco- environment education can be taken into the scope of “ wetland park “ Parks that are studied in this paper are those being brought into urban green system planning ， have the ecological functions and typical characteristics of wetland，and take ecological preserva- tion，popular science educatio
7、n ，natural fun，recreationand sightseeing as main contents ，in which nature reserves and fa- mous scenic areas are not included Such parks are endowed with natural and cultural attributes as well as social functions of enriching the recreationallife of residents 1 ，and functional zoning of these park
8、s pays more attention to scientificity and theoretical bases than general parks do，thus the functional zoning of nature reserves and general urban parks should not be simply copied，and up to the present ，there is no any exist- ing model for the functional zoning of wetland parks In view of such a co
9、ndition ， the author aims to study the functional zon- ing of urban wetland parks and compare it with that of other green lands，such as nature reserves and famous scenic are- as，and meanwhile ，seek for theoretical bases for a more sci- entific and reasonable functional zoning of wetland parks 1Funct
10、ionalzoningsituationofseveral wetlandparksin China Most of the present national wetland parks are secondary wetlands formed in the long-term human activities ， and a few of them are original ones located in nature reserves In the lasting evolution process，each wetland has formed its own character- i
11、stics which are different from others in land use types ， ecologi- cal，climatic and hydrological characteristics ，development ob- jective，protection grade and many other aspects For exam- ple， thereareshallow- seaandshoalwetlands ， suchas Hongkong Wetland Park；river wetlands ，such as Yantan Wet- lan
12、d Park；wetlands formedby subsidence regions，such as Tangshan South Lake Park；artificial wetlands formed by long- term agricultural production ，such as Beijing Green Lake；lake wetlands locating in national nature reserves，such as Zhaoqing Star Lake Wetland Park，which demonstrate that the functional z
13、oning modes of different parks are greatly different in division principles and methods in the process of planning，while some of them lay particular stress on preservation，some on restoration and some on scientific popularization or sightseeing （ Table 1） Table 1Surveyand characteristicsof functiona
14、lzoningof severalwetlandparksin China Park Planning area hm 2GeneralsituationCharacteristics XixiNationalWetlandPark （HangzhouCity ， Zhejiang Province ） 1 008 00Wetlandeco-preservationcultivationarea ，wetland eco- landscapeclosurearea ；wetlandeco- tourism and leisure region ，green landscapecorridor
15、Urban secondarywetland ，the only nation- al wetlandpark integratesurban wetland ， agriculturalcultivationwetland and cultural wetland in China YihuwanWetlandPark （ Jiangmen ，GuangdongProv- ince） 6 666 67Wetlandcore protectionzone，mangrove conserva- tion zone，ecologicaland environmentalprotection rec
16、reationregion ，OrientalVenicerecreationand leisure region ；high- level sport and leisureregion ， agriculturaland fishing region ，land reserve region ， health theme region ，comprehensiveservice region Being formed by enclosing tideland for cul- tivation To be continued Responsibleeditor ： Xia JingRes
17、ponsibletranslator ： Shao MeiJournalof LandscapeResearch /景观研究2009 ， 1（ 7）：62 66 Continued Park Planning area hm 2 GeneralsituationCharacteristics ZhaoqingStarLakeWetland Park （ ZhaoqingCity，Guang- dong Province ） 200 00Core sightseeingregion ，being closed seasonallyBeing located in a nationalnature
18、 reserve and oneof the firstbatchof worldbio- sphereconservationzone An ecological scenicarea with lake，beach reeds ，wet- land waterfowlsand etc as mainstruc- tures HongkongWetland Park61 00Touristcenter ， artificialwetland ， reconstructed habitat for waterfowls ，the outskirtof artificialwet- land w
19、ill be constructedwith a wetlandexploration center Beingconstructedforcompensatingthe land that loses its ecologicalvalue in the constructionof Tianshuiweitowns ；being locatednearMipuwetlandprotection zone ；forpreservingwetland ，educating citizens and attracting tourists PanjinRedBeachWetland （ Panj
20、inCity， LiaoningProv- ince） 2 00Will be mainlyconstructedwith wild birds breeding scientificand researchcenter ，bird speech forest ， sea of reed and so on Being locatedin ShuangtaiziEstuaryNa- tional Nature Reservein Panjin ，mainly for scientificstudies Shaoxing Mirror Lake National Urban WetlandPar
21、k （ Shaox- ing City ，Hunan Province ） 1 600 00Wetlandlandscapearea，bird observationeco-re- gion ，wetland agriculturaldemonstrationzone ，wet- land eco- educationbase Typical river and lake wetland of fresh wa- ter Changde West DongtingLake and QingshanLakeNational Urban WetlandPark （ Chang- de City，H
22、unan Province ） 3 57Wetlandprotection zone，ecologicalsightseeingre- gion Typicalrepresentativeofsub- tropicalin- land wetlands ，which was listed into signif- icant internationalwetland list in 2002 TangshanSouth Lake Nation- al Urban Wetland Park （ Tang- shan City，Hebei Province ） 800 00Comprehensiv
23、esightseeingandleisureregion ， youthrecreationregion ，earthquakememorialre- gion ，agriculturaland mulberryland region ，plant landscaperegion ，managementregion Pools formedby subsidenceand explora- tion BeijingGreenLakeWetland Park （ Beijing ） 700 00Wetlandplant exhibitionregion ，waterfowlsprotec- ti
24、on region ，wetlandeco- agriculturalgarden ，gar- den ring eco- water area Agriculturalcultivationwetlandformedby long- term agri- production YantanWetlandPark （ LanzhouCity，GansuProv- ince） 135 00Ecologicalprotection region ，natural landscaperes- toration region ，sciencepopularizationregion ，wa- ters
25、ide and leisure region Changeablewith the waterlines of Yellow River ，presentingdiversifiedscenes in dif- ferent seasons 2Comparisonsamongwetlandpark ，bio- sphere ，naturereserveandfamousscenic area The sectorization of common urban parks mainly considers leisure，sightseeing ，cultural and education f
26、unctions ，in which the diversified spatial changes，convenient and rational usage as well as obvious human traces However ，wetland parks are mainly to protect the ecology，and according to the definition in general literaturedata， wetlandparksshouldmaintainthe unique natural ecosystem of local area an
27、d tend to present nat- ural landscapes，maintain the eco-logical balance among differ- ent species and the coordinateddevelopmentof populations within the system ，constructsupporting facilitiesof different types without damaging the natural wetland habitat， and organi- cally combine the functions of
28、ecological protection ，ecological tourism and ecological environmental education ，so as to real- ize the proper development of natural resources and the im- provement of ecological environment ，and finally present a har- monious image of human beings and nature The most out- standing features of wet
29、land parks are their topicality ，natural- ness and ecological importance ，which are followed by func- tions like sightseeing and education The realization of many functional districts should be determined according to the natu- ral laws of protecting ecology，and can not be divided randomly according
30、 to planar planning or usage convenience From the perspective of landscape planning，the functional zoning of ur- ban wetland parks borrows ideas from the functionalzoning modes of biosphere protection zones，nature reserves ， national forest parks and other regions Table 2Comparisonsamongdifferentfun
31、ctionalzoningmodes NameMode Urbanwetland park Key protectedzone ，wetlanddemonstrationzone ， sightseeingand leisure region ，managementservice area must be included Biospherepro- tection zone Core area，buffer zone and transitionarea Nationalfamous scenicareasin China Ecologicalcultivationregion ，speci
32、allandscapere- gion， antiquityprotectionregion ， serviceregion ， general control region 2 Nationalparks in USA Core protectionzone ，sightseeingbufferzone，in- tensive recreation region 3 Nationalparks in Canada Wild protection zone ，wild recreation zone，intensive recreationzone and natural environmen
33、tregion Tourismsector- ization modes in national parks Keyresourcesprotectedzone， low- utilizationwild region ，scatteredrecreationregion ，intensiverec- reation region and service communities The biosphere protection zone that is established within the 36LIN Xiao et al Study on the FunctionalZoningMo
34、desof Urban WetlandParks law framework of world biological protection network distinctly classifies regions engaged in this framework into core region， buffer zone and transition area At present，such a functional zoning mode is accepted as the one fit for protecting the biolog- ical diversityThe mai
35、n objective of wetland parks is to protect the ecology，thus the functional zoning mode of wetland parks should follow such an objectiveAlthough there are great differ- ences in the functional zoning of national parks and wetland parks abroad，nature reserves and famous scenic areas in Chi- na，they al
36、l demonstrate the core theme of protecting biological diversityThe division of all areas also basicallyfollows the functional zoning modesof biosphereprotection zone，i e core area，such as the above-mentioned key protected zone， core protected zone，ecological cultivation zone，wild protection zone，key
37、 resourcesprotectedzone and etc ；buffer zone， such as wetland demonstrationregion，recreation and leisure buffer zone，wild recreation and leisurezone，low-utilization wild zone；transition area，which could be arranged with man- agement services，general control and etc 3The functionalzoningmodesof wetla
38、nd parks and subdivisionassumption GuideRulesfor PlanningUrbanWetlandParks（ for Trial Implementation）of China defines the functional zoning and its basic protectionrequirementsas “ generally speaking，urban wetland parks should include key protected zone，wetland dem- onstration zone，sightseeing regio
39、n and managementservice region“ 1 Such a division mode basically takes the ecological and social attributes into consideration，and aims to achieve the win-win of protection and utilizationHowever，there are no de- tailed elaboration about the functional zoning of corridors and non-artificial interven
40、tion area 3 1Key protectedzoneKey protected zone is equal to the core area of the protected zone，but which only refers to signifi- cant wetland，or the area with relatively complete wetland eco- system and abundant bio-diversityAs for the wetlands with rel- atively small areas and incomplete ecosyste
41、mshould restore the habitats according to the principle of “ restored before pro- tected“ Certainly，the protection grades of protection zone are related to concrete characteristics of wetland parks 3 2WetlanddemonstrationzoneWetland demonstration zone should be established by combining with habitat
42、restora- tion，and urban wetland parks are incomplete to some extent in the ecosystem and wetland forms，thus local habitat patches should be introduced into the critical parts as “ bridges“among separated habitats for protecting biological diversity，or a habi- tat fit for protection objects could be
43、addedIn that case，the effect of bio-diversity protection would be greatly enhanced，the aesthetic value of landscape would be promoted，and mean- while，the wetland ecosystem，bio-diversity and natural wetland landscape would be demonstrated，the science popularization and education activities could be d
44、eveloped 3 3Sightseeingleisureregionand managementservice regionBoth of them refer to the areas that utilize wetland sensitivity less efficiently，which could be regarded as the tran- sition zone in the protected area Within wetland parks，sight- seeing leisure region and management service region are
45、 sepa- rated to develop wetland recreation and sightseeing activities， so as to satisfy the social functions of wetland parks Each wet- land park has its own particular features，thus the above-men- tioned functional zoning modes are only referential suggestions Due to the difficulties in defining th
46、e areas of functional districts in practices，the establishment of non-artificial intervention are- as and corridorscouldfurtherdemonstratethe objectiveof protection 3 4Non- artificialinterventionzoneBeing affiliated to key protected zone，this area could be regarded as a transition part around the ke
47、y protected zone，which aims to fully protect the habitats of species like the buffer zone does 3 5CorridorA significant spatial strategy to resist land- scape fragmentationis to connectthose relativelyseparated habitat patches，for such a connection，the main approach is to establish corridorsAs urban
48、 wetland parks，those fragmented patches formed by human interventionsshould be connected according to the principle of integration in the planning It could be said that corridor is a kind of district with particular functions， i ean ecological bond（naturally or artificially）connecting functional dis
49、tricts 4Approachesandtheoreticalbasesfor realizingthefunctionalzoningofwetland parks Wetland parks are endowed with social functions of ecolog- ical protection，sightseeing and science popularization，and its functional zoning mainly learns from biosphere protection zone， however，quite a few technical problems are resolved For ex- ample，due to the ecological mechanism，suchas marginal effect，the establishment of buffer zone always leads to a dras- tic ecological process and natural succession，