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1、电大政府经济学期末考试小抄一、单选题（转移性支出）是指BOT的全称是 （build-operate-transfer）按课税对象的性（流转税类）按照中华人民（五）按照公债本位对（货币公债和实物公债）按照联合国范本（是否具有经常性住所）部门预算的分类（按部门分类）部门预算下预算（财政部）财政投融资与商（结果的非营利性）城镇土地使用税（从量定额征收）单式预算与复式（预算组织形式）当宏观经济处于（缓和需求不足）当政府收入增长（名义增长，实负增长）当政府收入增长（增长）对于一个公共产（低高中）福利彩票和体育（国务院）改革开放后，我（1981）耕地占用税实行（地区差别幅度定额税率）公共定价的对象（准公共
2、物品）公共事业支出是（购买性支出）公共投资与私人（投资的监管方式不同）公共物品的提供（搭便车现象 ）公共物品和私人（社会总消费量=每个消费者的个人消费量）公共选择的理论（经济学）公共选择理论的（布坎南）公共选择理论研（政府决策）公债负担率是指（当年公债余额当年GDP100%）广义的政府收入（包括预算内收入和预算外收入）国际税收的本质（国家与国家之间的税收分配关系）国际税收协定的（免除双重征税）。国家税收制度中（课税对象）国有资产管理体（分级所有、统一管理）国有资产收益的（对国有资产的所有权）国有资产收益的（剩余产品价值）划归中央税的是（税源集中，收入规模较大）绩效预算主要是（美国胡佛委员会）紧
3、缩性的财政政（产出变化不确定，利率下降）经立法机关审查（法律性）科斯定理的前提（交易成本为零或很低）扩张性财政政策（财政政策对社会总需求的不同影响）扩张性的财政政（产出增加，利率变化方向不确定）目前世界上建立（大部分）目前我国企业亏（收入退库）目前在环境保护（庇古税和庇古补贴）纳税期限是税收（固定性）能较好地体现公（累进税率）社会保险不包括（汽车保险）社会保险的特性（强制性）社会保障基金的（现收后付式）社会保障与一般（保障的功能）市场处于不完全（供给量偏低，价格偏高）市场的不完整性（保险市场）税负转嫁是纳税（主动）土地增值税是对 (国有土地使用权) 外部效应存在外（罚款或收税）外部效应的产生（
4、产品和劳务的成本、收益绕过价格机制，直接影响他人的利益）外部正效应指的（社会净收益大于个人净收益，产品产量偏低）我国下列税种中（消费税）我国现行企业所（比例税率）我国现行收入分（效率优先兼顾公平）我国于（1996）年我国在对外已经（所得税）。 我们大致可以认（亚当斯密）我们通常所说的（完全竞争）西方财政理论中（效用的不可分割性）下列不属于公共（可以克服“免费搭车”的现象）下列不属于市场（个人生活用品）下列部门中属于（工业 ）下列产品的生产（微软的office系统）下列措施中可有（提高法定存款准备金率）下列各个政策目（物价稳定）下列经济学家中（科斯）下列描述中不是（每年对所有的收支都进行审核，是
5、一项需要消耗大量人力、物力和财力的工作）下列描述中不属（政府为应对急剧增加的支出，将被迫提高税率或增设新税种）下列商品中税负（供给弹性大、需求弹性小的商品）下列商品中性质（皮衣）下列事项中不属（国有企业核算）下列税种中属于（增值税）下列税种属于直（所得税）下列行为不属于（政府腐败行为）下列行为具有生（兴修水利）下列行为具有消（公共场所吸烟）下列支出项目中（公路）下列属于科斯定（排污权交易）现收现付式筹集（可避免物价上涨后基金贬值的危险）一般来说，下列（火车票）隐性债务是指 （没有反映在政府预算帐面上的债务）有些政府支出项（最低费用选择法）在1998年我国实（公共物品也可以由私人提供）资源税实行
6、 （定额幅度税率）资源税是对在我（销售数量或自用数量 ）最早研究外部效（英国经济学家庇古）二.多项选择题BOT方式融资的优（解决；能取得；实现、管理）按照计算方法和依（全额；超额；全率；超率）。按照税收负担衡量（货币；真实）不会产生重复课税（两个或两个以上国家采用相同的税收管辖权；两个或两个以上国家对同一税收管辖权做出相同解释）部门预算相对于传（全选）财政补贴从政策目（全选）财政投融资和一般（财政投融资的目的性很强；财政投融资资金的使用，具有鲜明的公共性，追求社会效益的最大化；财政投融资的资金来源具有多样性的特点）偿还债务的资金来（全选）。 持续的通货膨胀会（增加；引起；阻碍）从20世纪90
7、年代（废除；改革；开征新）从拉弗曲线我们可（税率的高低和税收量的大小不一定按同一方向变化；政府要想取得同样多的税收收入，可以采取高低两种不同的税率）从社会经济运行过（生产；流通；消费）当社会总需求大于（增加税；减少；中央）第二步利改税的内（盈利；对国营；废除）房产税征收的依据（房产价格；房产租金）非市场方式解决外（罚款；财政；公共）个人所得税的纳税（全选）个人所得税是对（我国居民的境内所得；我国居民的境外所得；非居民来源于我国境内的个人所得）各级政府财政部门（研究；督促；指导）耕地占用税是对(全选) 公共投资范围包括（基础产业投资；农业投资）公共物品私人供给（私人的；私人与政；私人与社）公共物
8、品与私人物（消费的非竞争性；消费的非排他性）公共资源的特征有（稀缺性；使用不受）公债偿还的方法有（全选）。 公债流通市场的交（全选）。公债市场功能有（全选）。国有资产收益的形（股；上；租；其）。衡量产业间资源配（劳动力；产值）混合物品具体包括（无排他性或弱排他性，；有排他性；可能发生）货币政策相较于财（内部时滞较短；外部时滞较长）基础设施的特点有（投资；建设；投资；成本）今后我国政府财政（全选）。开设的国库单一账（国库；财政；预算；特设）能起到自动稳定器（超额；有明）判定法人居民的标（总机；公司；注册）判定自然人居民的（住所；时间）判断公债适度规模（全选）。区域经济政策有（全选）社会保险的水平
9、受（经济发展；政府；社会保险）社会保险与普通商（兴办；前者有强制性；前者有福利性）社会保障的功能有（保证；收入；风险；维护）。社会救济的功能有（全选）。社会救济与一般意（两者的性质；两者的效果；两者的目的）税负的转嫁方式有（前；后；散；消）税收三性是指（无偿性；强制性；固定性）所得税的特征有（税负；所得；课税；有利）。通常情况将外部性（全选）。我国1950年发行（国内；实物）我国当前教育支出（教育投资总量相对不足；教育投资过分依赖政府；教育投资的内部结构不合理）下列财政支出中属（基本；企业；科技；农业）。下列各个监测公债（公债负担率；公债偿债率）下列项目中属于国（任免或者；企业重大；对企业国有
10、）下列行为属于生产（兴修；治理；安装）下列属于价内税的（消费税；营业税；关税）下列属于直接税特（税负不易；税收弹性；税负较为）一般而言，社会保（用人；劳动；政府）印花税是对经济活 (书立；使用；领受)营业税的征税范围 (提供；转让；销售不动产)影响政府支出规模（政治性；经济性；社会性）由政府经营公共（增加；提高；更好）与单式预算相比（体现了；有利于提高）与贴现和公开市场（全选） 预算收入的征收部（及时、足额征收预算收入；按财政体制）在各国税法和国际（全选）。 在公共定价时，政（按边际；按平均；高于平均）在衡量政府支出的（政府；直接；间接）在市场经济中，政府（公共；文化；文化）政府采购一般遵循以
11、（竞争性；公开性；公平性）政府经济的形式主要（政府收入；政府支出；宏观政府经济活动的效率（政府直接；政府通过）政府经济学的学习方（理论；实证；历史）政府履行经济稳定与（物价；充分；国际）政府凭借公共权力取（税收；公共收费）政府失灵的原因包括（政府决策；市场；政府机构；政府在决策）。政府收入的内容主要（税收；公共；国有；公债）政府收入的替代效应（减少重税；增加低税）政府外债的类别有（全选）政府预算具有（全选）的特征。政府预算在执行过程（遇特大；遇国民）政府支出绩效与微观（成本；在具体）制定区域经济政策时（要服从；服从国际；服从全国）组织政府收入的原则（从发展；利益；合理；公平）。三.判断题按照政
12、府经济学（错）边际利润大于边（错）布坎南提出的（对）部门预算是市场（对）财政贴息实质是（对）产权的界定和保（对）车船税是对在我 (错)传统的预算编制（错）从公共选择的基（错）当经济过度繁荣（对）房产税是以房产 (错)干预和调节国民（错）耕地占用税是对 (错)公共定价是针对（错）公共投资是政府（对）公共物品的消费（错）公债的债务主体（错）公债即“国债”（错）公债依存度是衡（错）公债最初是作为（对）国际税收的本质（对）国际税收协定适（对）国有资产收益的（对）衡量一国宏观经（对）建国以来，我国（错）经济增长是政府（错）就调控的方式而（错）扩张性的财政政（对）流转税是以商品 (错)免除双重征税是（对）
13、皮考克和怀斯曼（错）如果两个或两个（错）社会主义国家发（错）税法规定纳税人（错）税负转嫁是纳税（对）税收管辖权也称（错）土地增值税是对 (错)我国在对外已经（错）消费税是以所有 (错)行为税是以经济 (错)行政规费是指政（对）一般而言，经济（错）一般来说，预算（错）一般来说，在经（错）一个国家的价格（错）一国实施区域经（错）印花税是对经济 (对)预算的执行原则（错）预算调整的主要（错）预算管理体制的（对）预算外资金的支（错）预算外资金性质（错）在多数裁定原则（错）在管理方式上（对）在市场经济条件下，公共（错）在市场经济条件下，要重（错）在一定时期（对）在政府宏观经济（错）政府财政分配及（对）政
14、府公共投资的（错）政府购买性支出（错）政府收入对纳税（对）政府收入是政府（错）政府外债的币种（错）政府预算收支范（对）准公共物品和公（错）资本主义国家发（错）总的说来，管制（错）请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attrac
15、ts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out o
16、f its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, on
17、e at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is u
18、sed, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams
19、agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound
20、to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce te
21、st is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung
22、 two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical educatio
23、n teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas v
24、acation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on th
25、e ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the bal
26、l was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size
27、 of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10
28、-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagu
29、es. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a socce
30、r ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the
31、 need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a
32、set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 19
33、79. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over wo
34、mens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of
35、the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college leve
36、l and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning
37、 in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by r
38、ecognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Play
39、ers were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree th
40、at players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for
41、college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball L
42、eague (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played wit
43、h peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its e
44、volution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom o
45、f the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order t
46、o limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball w
47、as played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barn
48、storm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of