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1、第 9 页 共 9 页社会医学复习资料一、名词解释 1医学模式 2生活质量 3生活方式 4社会制度 5初级卫生保健 6专题小组讨论 7初级卫生保健 8人口老龄化 9模式 10健康危险因素 1121世纪人人享有卫生保健 12健康危险因素评价 13健康老龄化 14问卷调查 15生物-心理-社会医学模式 16健康危险因素评价 17社会康复 18文化 19专题小组讨论 20生活事件 21健康相关生活质量 23社会心理因素 24行为方式 25信度 26效度 二、填空题 1心理健康包括正确认识 、 和及时适应环境 。 2对健康有负面影响的家庭因素有_ _、_ _、_ _ _。 3我国的卫生工作方针是以 为
2、重点；预防为主；中西医并重；依靠科技和教育；动员 。 4社区卫生服务以人的健康为中心、_为单位、_为范围、需求为导向的基本医疗卫生服务。 5促进健康的行为包括_ _、_ _、_ _、 。 6对健康有明显影响的应激因素有 、 、 。 7社会因素对健康的作用有 、持久性、 的特点。 8社会因素包括_ _、文明和 。 9健康状况指标主要有 、疾病统计指标、 。 10健康的概念包括_ _健康、_ _健康和_ _。 11生物医学模式的观点是两个理论,一个是 ，另一个是 。12围产保健的目的降低孕产妇和 的死亡率；降低孕产妇的 和残疾儿的出生率；提高 工作质量。13社区卫生服务机构设置原则中指出：以_为主
3、体，以_作为补充。 14环境危险因素包括 、 。15问卷的基本结构主要包括 、 和 三大部分。 三、选择题1观察法的主要缺点是 （ ）A资料的可靠性较低； B没有时间弹性； C费用较高 D难获得“有说服力”的统计量，以致观察研究的结果不能外推 E观察研究的结果不全面 2生活质量指数是由以下哪三个指标通过指数计算综合得到的（ ）A婴儿死亡率，平均期望寿命，成人识字率 B婴儿死亡率，平均期望寿命，15岁及以上人口识字率 C婴儿死亡率，1岁平均期望寿命，15岁及以上人口识字率 D5岁儿童死亡率，平均期望寿命，成人识字率 E5岁儿童死亡率，1岁平均期望寿命，15岁及以上人口识字率 3围产保健包括（ ）
4、A青春期保健、孕期保健、产前保健、产后保健 B孕前保健、孕期保健、产时及产褥期保健、新生儿保健 C孕期保健、产前保健、产后保健、分娩保健 D产前保健、产时保健、产褥期保健、产后保健 E优生优育、新生儿保健、母乳喂养、产后访视 4社会医学是（ ）A医学的分支学科 B社会学的分支学科 C医学与社会学之间的交叉学科 D预防医学的分支学科 E基础医学的分支学科 5健康状况评价是 （ ）A分析人群健康水平及发展变化 B发现人群存在的健康问题 C筛选人群健康的主要因素 D评估各种健康计划、方案、措施的效果 E以上都是 6美国社会健康学会指标（ASHA）是评价人口健康的（ ）A生理学指标 B心理学指标 C生
5、存健康指标 D生命长度指标 E综合指标7存在死亡危险等于（ ）A平均死亡率组合危险分数 B平均死亡概率危险分数 C平均死亡概率组合危险分数 D预期死亡概率危险降低程度 E平均死亡概率危险降低年龄 8下列不属于个别访谈实施中的主要工作内容的选项是（ ）A提问 B倾听 C评价 D回应 E鼓励 9影响人类健康的四大因素是（ ）A细菌、病毒、寄生虫和自身免疫 B个人卫生、环境卫生、家庭卫生和劳动卫生 C自然环境、社会环境、家庭和公共场所 D公共场所卫生、饮食卫生、环境卫生和劳动卫生 E环境、生物、行为生活方式、卫生服务 10下面关于生命数量和生活质量的说法，错误的是（ ）A生命数量是指个体生存时间的长
6、度 B生活质量是人们对自己的身体状态、心理功能、社会能力以及个人整体 情形的一种感觉体验 C生命数量和生活质量是相互联系和相互制约的 D生活质量是生命数量的前提和基础 E为了获得较高的生活质量，有时不得不损失一定的生命数量 11关于专题小组讨论的优点, 不正确的是（ ）A可以获得群体对某事物的具有一定广度和深度的看法 B与结构式问卷调查相比，可以较好地了解到调查对象的态度和对事物的看法 C与个别访谈比，在较短的时间内获得较丰富的信息 D特别适合于敏感问题的研究 E可以用于探索群体的态度 12健康类型可以划分成（ ）A健康型，无病型，有病型，死亡型 B健康型，自创危险因素型，历史危险因素型，大量
7、危险型 C健康型，存在危险型，大量危险型 D健康型，自创危险因素型，历史危险因素型，少量危险型 E健康型，不健康型 13关于健康综合评价方法的说法，错误的是（ ）A用某种方法把一系列群体健康指标相结合形成的新指标 B用某种方法把一系列个体健康指标相结合形成的新指标 C可以用加权法、相乘法和统计方法来计算 D潜在减寿年数是综合评价指标 E定量的、标准的、可以全面反映健康状况的新指标 14影响健康的因素分为四大类，下列不在这四大类之列的是（ ）A生物学因素 B环境因素 C生态因素 D生活方式 E卫生服务 15影响残疾人口健康状况的第一位因素是（ ） A.教育与就业 B.婚姻与家庭 C.社会环境 D
8、.经济 E.立法 16社会医学不能够完成的任务是（ ）A开展社会卫生状况的调查研究 B研究某一种临床治疗方法的有效性 C开展特殊人群的社区保健 D分析社会病因，提出改善卫生状况的对策与措施 E倡导积极的健康观，保护和促进人群的身心健康 17社区卫生服务是以（ ）A病人为中心，家庭为导向 B老年人为中心，社区为导向 C人的健康为中心，需求为导向 D人的健康为中心，家庭为导向 E老年人为中心，需求为导向 18生物医学模式重视的对人的健康影响的因素是（ ）A生物因素 B心理和社会因素 C社会因素 D心理因素 E科学技术因素 19下列不属于个别访谈实施中的主要工作内容的是（ ）A提问 B倾听 C评价
9、D回应 E鼓励 20当个体的实际年龄与评价年龄接近时，该个体（ ）A属于健康人 B属于不健康人 C其危险程度与当地人群一致 D其死亡率与健康人一样 E其生存概率与健康人一样 21社区发展是一项世界性运动，倡导它的机构是（ ）A联合国 B世界卫生组织 C世界银行 D世界开发署 E中国政府 22婚前医学检查包括（ ）A只询问病史 B只进行全身体格检查 C只进行一些辅助检查 D询问病史，进行全身体格检查和一些辅助检查 E以上都不是 23健康老化是指（ ）A老年人保持最长时间身心健康 B老年人保持最长的寿命 C老年人保持最长时间的身体健康 D老年人与朋友相处时间最长 E老年人与家人共度时光最长 24首
10、次提出社会医学一词的是 （ ）A希波克拉底 B威尔啸 C德威尔 D格罗蒂扬 E盖林 25根据残疾的严重程度，将残疾分为（ ）A缺损、残疾、残障 B残疾、残缺、残障 C残缺、缺损、残疾 D残障、再障、残疾 E再障、缺损、残缺 26下列有关合作医疗的叙述，错误的是（ ）A合作医疗是农民主要的医疗保障形式 B合作医疗是建立在集体经济的基础之上的 C合作医疗是一种共担疾病风险的制度 D合作医疗是一种互助合作的制度 E合作医疗从根本上解决了农民“因病致贫”与“因病返贫”的问题 27从根本上看，影响健康的因素是（ ）A教育和不公平 B收入水平和贫困 C遗传因素 D社会经济因素、贫困和不公平 E社会安定 2
11、8老少比指标指的是 （ ）A65岁及以上人口数与14岁及以下人口数之比 B60岁及以上人口数与14岁及以下人口数之比 C60岁以上人口数与14岁以下人口数之比 D65岁以上人口数与14岁以下人口数之比 E59岁及以上人口数与15岁及以下人口数之比 四、思考题1我国目前面临的主要卫生问题是什么? 2现代医学模式对临床医学的影响是什么？ 3临床诊断和社区诊断的区别是什么？421世纪人人享有卫生保健的概念和目标是什么? 5论述生活方式对健康的影响。 6叙述定性研究的应用 。 请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketb
12、all can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament
13、and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game
14、is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in siz
15、e from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The coveri
16、ng of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of
17、 the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m)
18、 measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands conside
19、rable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International
20、Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in
21、handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for
22、copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was r
23、estricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time
24、 period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size bec
25、ame generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusia
26、sts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It
27、was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger t
28、han a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several group
29、s early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for c
30、olleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Commi
31、ttee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After
32、 World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championsh
33、ips in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were mo
34、dified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the Unite
35、d States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to internati
36、onal teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the
37、Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form
38、the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just
39、 in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al
40、-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a ro
41、ugh sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later,
42、the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was play
43、ed. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules s
44、till differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either profes