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1、Introduction to Searching Bibliographic Databases,Jennifer Lyon, M.S., M.L.I.S. Eskind Biomedical Library Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN,Some Reasons for Searching the Medical Literature,To answer a specific patient case-related question (practice) To learn more about a medical t
2、opic (education) To determine current best practice (guideline) To give the best possible care to patients using evidence-based medicine,Information Overload,PubMed (Medline) contains over 18 million journal citations going back to 1950,*statistics from http:/www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/bsd_key.html,Techniq
3、ues for Improved Searching,Ability to structure and parse a question Knowledge of basic database structure Use of Boolean Logic Use of Field Searching Use of Controlled Vocabulary Specialty techniques (truncation, etc.) Consistent step-by-step procedure,Asking the Question: PICO,Patient, Population
4、or Problem What are the characteristics of the patient or population? What is the condition or disease you are interested in? Intervention or exposure What do you want to do with this patient (e.g. treat, diagnose, observe)? Comparison What is the alternative to the intervention (e.g. placebo, diffe
5、rent drug, surgery)? Outcome What are the relevant outcomes (e.g. morbidity, death, complications)?,http:/healthlinks.washington.edu/ebp/pico.html,Parsing the Question,What are the main concepts in your question? Sample question: Does nutrition therapy improve decubitus (pressure) ulcer healing in a
6、n elderly patient? Concepts:,Nutrition therapy,Decubitus/pressure ulcers,Ulcer healing,Elderly patients,Treatment efficacy,A database is an organized collection of data. Bibliographic databases are searched through many of the same techniques as any other database Focus will be on PubMed, but these
7、techniques apply to ANY literature database,Examples of Records and Fields,Examples of Records and Fields,RED=RECORD BLUE=FIELD PURPLE = ONE PIECE OF DATA,Searching a Database,Different search interfaces do the same things in slightly different ways Good search interfaces should provide Ability to s
8、earch for a specific item Ability to search for related items to a known item Ability to search in a specific field or fields Ability to combine search terms using Boolean Logic Ability to retrieve search results in a useful way,Boolean Logic,A British mathematician named George Boole (1815-1864) de
9、veloped an algebraic system of logic that is now widely used in computer and electronic systems including database searching. While Booles algebraic system can be complex, a very simple form of Boolean Logic is used for searching most bibliographic databases.,Boolean Operators,Standard Boolean Logic
10、 for database searching uses 3 relationships among search terms. AND OR NOT It is both simple and powerful.,AND,BOTH terms included in any results. If a record has only one of the two terms, it will not be retrieved. If the record has neither term, it will not be retrieved. What does this do to the
11、amount of records retrieved?,OR,Only one (NOT both) of the terms are in the results OR will retrieve the record if both are included. What does OR do to the amount of records retrieved?,NOT,Excludes any results containing the term Records containing both will not be retrieved. What does NOT do to th
12、e amount of records retrieved?,Using OR,“OR” groupings contain terms for the same idea/concept and are usually put in parenthesis (term OR term OR term) where all terms are difference ways of representing the same concept (faculty OR teachers OR professors) (students OR learners OR pupils),Using AND
13、,“AND” groupings contain terms for different ideas/concepts and can combine OR groupings Term AND (Term OR Term) where each represents a different concept heart attack AND smoking Diabetes AND exercise Cancer AND (treatment OR therapy),Using NOT,“NOT” statements are usually put last and can contain
14、an “OR” grouping; they are often used to get rid of a common subgroup Students NOT dental Diabetes NOT juvenile,Putting Them Together,Identify the concepts (Parse the question) List specific terms for each concept Put the terms for each concept in an OR statements within parentheses Combine OR state
15、ments with AND Add any NOT statements to the end,Creating a Boolean Search,QUESTION: Is Vitamin C helpful in treating the flu? Identify concepts and list terms,Step 2,2. Make your OR statements, one per concept (influenza OR flu OR orthomyxovirus) (vitamin C OR ascorbic acid OR ascorbate) (treatment
16、 OR therapy OR management) (outcome OR recovery OR success),Steps 3 and 4,3. Put “AND” between each of the OR statements (influenza OR flu) AND (vitamin C OR ascorbic acid OR orange juice) AND (treatment OR therapy OR management) AND (outcome OR recovery OR success) 4. Consider any NOT statements yo
17、u might want to add. Note: NOT isnt used very often,Parsing a Boolean Search,(emergency OR acute OR critical) AND (treatment OR therapy OR management OR care) AND (motor vehicle accident OR car crash) NOT (pedestrian OR walking) What are the four concepts? What terms are used for each concept? Which
18、 three concepts must be included in all records found? Which concept must not be included in any record found?,Beyond Basic Boolean,Field Searching Controlled Vocabulary Subject vs. Keyword Searching Specialty Features Truncation Phrase searching,Field Searching,Almost all databases will provide you
19、 with some ability to search a specific field or fields. Allows faster searching Allows more accurate searching Not all databases may make all fields searchable. Each search system will require a specific format.,All Field vs. Specific Field Searches,I would like to find articles by John Smith. Sear
20、ch all fields: John Smith Search Author Field only: John Smith I would like to find an article published in 1997. Search all fields: 1997 Search Publication Date Field: 1997 Why waste time searching for a date in the author field or an author in the volume field?,Formats for Field Searching,Differen
21、t databases provide different formats for specifying fields. Most use field names or nicknames Field tags OR labels which may follow a period or be placed in brackets or parentheses. Some databases offer forms or drop-down menus.,PubMed Field tags go in and follow term Field tags can be used within
22、Boolean queries,PubMed Field Tags,http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip,au = author ti = title tw = textword tiab = title and abstract mh = medical subject heading,dp = date of publication la = language gr = grant number ta = journal name ad
23、= affiliation,OVID databases require field tags to follow the term separated by a period. Meharry.in and 2005.yr,Some databases, such as the ISIs Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded) provide forms to fill out.,Select Field from drop-down menu,Select Boolean Operator,Combining Field Searc
24、hes,Multiple field searches can be combined using Boolean logic. Find a 2005 article by an author named Hubble about ankle fractures. Combine with AND: 2005 in date/year field Hubble in author field Ankle fractures in title field,2005dp AND Hubbleau AND ankle fracturesti,Final Notes on Fields,Each d
25、atabase provides its own specific fields Each database requires a specific format to designate field searching When searching a new database, take a moment to read the help documentation; most will provide a list of fields and how to search them.,Controlled Vocabulary,A controlled vocabulary is a se
26、t of established terms where every term represents a single concept only one term is used for that concept,Another example,How many words could you think of for the idea of “cancer”? Cancer, tumor, malignancy, neoplasm, sarcoma Articles in a database Article one: “Breast tumors in young women” Artic
27、le two: “Surgery for prostrate cancer.” Article three: “Diagnosing Melanoma.” All three articles are about types of cancer but different terms are used in titles.,In a controlled vocabulary ONE word (i.e., cancer) is chosen and placed in a special field, usually called a subject field. For all three
28、 articles Article one: “Breast tumors in young women” Article two: “Surgery for prostrate cancer.” Article three: “Diagnosing Melanoma.” The subject term (concept term) “cancer” is placed in the subject field by database indexers. Now, Searching the database for cancer in the subject field will iden
29、tify all records about the concept of cancer even if a different word for cancer is used. Search cancer-in-subject-field finds all three articles How many articles would the search cancer-in-title-field find?,Structure of Controlled Vocabulary,Broader Concepts,Narrower Concepts,More on Controlled Vo
30、cabulary,“Expanding” = Search includes all narrower terms beneath the searched term Some databases do it automatically, others dont “Focusing” or “Majoring” = For a given item, some subject terms are considered the major focus; you can select to return only those articles. Hip fracturemajr = only gi
31、ve me articles where hip fracture is an important concept,Subject vs. Keyword Searching,Controlled vocabulary searching Matches terms against a specific field in the record. You need to consult a thesaurus (paper or online) to find out what the controlled vocabulary term is for each concept.,Free-te
32、xt (keyword) searching Some concepts have many synonyms. A free-text search statement would mean “OR“ing all those terms together Matches terms against words anywhere in record (abstract, title, etc.).,Advantages to Controlled Vocabularies,Using the controlled vocabulary can make your search more pr
33、ecise and easier. Increases the relevancy of results (fewer false drops) The indexers have already done much of the work for you. Searchable tree structures of terms can help you find new terms to use.,Problems with Controlled Vocabularies,NOT all databases use a controlled vocabulary New concepts t
34、ake time to be added There is often a lag phase during which the newest articles arent indexed Controlled vocabularies can contain some very strange things and some concepts may not be handled well The controlled vocabulary must be easily searchable Trying to understand what is and isnt in a particu
35、lar controlled vocabulary can give you a big headache!,Combining Subject and Keyword Searching,To be comprehensive, it is often helpful to combine subject and keyword searching (diabetes mellitusmh OR diabetestw) (sickle cell anemiamh OR sickle cell anaemiati),Dont forget,Boolean logic to combine te
36、rms Use of other search fields in combination with subject terms A Complex Search: (headmh OR headtw) AND (wound and injuriesmh OR traumati OR injuryti) AND 2005dp AND Englishla,Some Specialty Features,Truncation Phrase searching Neighboring and other rarer Boolean operators,Truncation,What about in
37、cluding the singular and plural versions of words as well as other word variations? For example: therapy, therapies, therapeutics, You could combine them all in an OR relationship: (therapy OR therapies OR therapeutics OR therapeutic) But an easier way is by the use of truncation. therap* Each datab
38、ase handles truncation in a unique way. The * and $ are the most common wildcard symbols.,More on Truncation,Some examples: Bacter$ Proc* Vir? Staph? Be cautious when truncating! If the word stem is too short, there may be too many possible variations and you might pick up unrelated terms. For examp
39、le, using proc* for finding procaine-like drugs will also include words like proceedings and process.,Phrase Searching,Sometimes you want to force the database to search for a set of words in exact order “fever of unknown origin” Most databases will accept a phrase in quotes. BUTsome do not handle p
40、hrases well and will automatically break them up usually AND-ing the terms Check how the database handles phrase searching before doing it!,Limits Options,Many databases provide “limits” pages that make it easier for you to select common options such as language, article type, publication dates, hum
41、an or animal, gender, age groups, etc. Each databases limits options are unique Most limits can be done by hand using field tags, but sometimes limit pages save time,PubMed Limits Page,Step-By-Step Search Construction,State the question Identify the concepts in the question For each concept, determi
42、ne keywords and subject terms Specify field tags after terms if needed Combine terms for the same concept with “OR” in parenthesis Combine “OR” statements with AND Put any NOT terms at the end Keep track of your searches, how many articles were found total, and how many you selected as relevant,Example,Question: What is the appropriate ED medical management of adult patients with intracranial hemorrhage (either trauma or spontaneous)?,