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1、中医基础理论（中英文对照）http:/ One: RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY 第一部分: 历史悠久的中国传统医学Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin can be traced back to remote antiquity.In a long course of struggling against diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and integrated t
2、heoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese culture. More than 2,000 years ago, came out Huangdis Classic on Medicine( Huang Di Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of two partsBasic Questions ( Su Wen ) and Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), eac
3、h comprising) nine volumes, each of which, in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling up to 162 chapters.The book gives a complete and systematic exposition to the following various subjects : the relationship between man and nature, the physiology and pathology of the human body, and the diagnosis,
4、treatment and prevention ot diseases. It also uses the theories of yin-yang and the five elements to deal fully with the principles of treatment by differentiation of syndromes (TDS) according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution. Hence( giving
5、 expression) to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity. It laid a preliminary foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM. After Huangdis Classic on Medicine another classic of medicine, Classi
6、c on Medical Problems ( Nan Jing ), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. It supplemented what Huangdis Classic on Medicine lacked. From then on, m
7、any medical schools and various classics on medicine were brought into being in succession, each having its own strong points.中医有着几千年的历史, 起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000多年前出现的黄帝内经是中国现存的最早医著。它由素问和灵枢两部分组成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了
8、因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继黄帝内经之后，东汉时期之前出现了难经。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了黄帝内经的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现，各抒己见。Shen Nongs Herbal ( Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing ), also known as Classic on the Herbal (Ben Cao Jing ) or The Herbal ( Ben Cao ), is the earliest boo
9、k on materia medica in China, which appeared in about the Qin-Han Period with its authorship unknown. Not only does it list 365 medicinal item among which 252 are herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are minerals, but also divides them into three grades according to their different properties and effects.
10、The book also gives a brief account of pharmacological theoriesprincipal (jun ), adjuvant (chen ), assistant ( zuo ) and guide (shi ); harmony in seven emotions ( qi qing he he ), four properties of medicinal herbs ( si qi ) and five tastes of medicinal herbs ( wu wei ).神农本草(亦称“本草经”或“本草”)是中国最早的药物学专著
11、。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物(其中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿物类药46种)而且依药物性质及功效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，该书简述了方剂的基本原则(君、臣、佐、使)和七情与药物的四气五味相和的原则。In the Han Dynasty (3rd century AD ), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases ( Shang Han Za Bing Lun ), which is divided into t
12、wo books by later generations, one is entitled Treatise onFebrile Diseases, ( Shang Han Lun ) , the other Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui Yao Lue ) . The book established the pnriciple of TDS(Treatment of Differentiation Syndromes；Technical Data System 技术数据系统), thereby laying a
13、foundation for the development of clinical medicine.汉朝(公元前3世纪)的张仲景是一位著名的医家，著有伤寒杂病论。该书被后人分为两部分，名为伤寒论和金匱要略。该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发展奠定了基础。In the Western Jin Dynasty. Huang Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing ) The book consists of 1
14、2 volumes with 128 chapters, including 349 acupoints. It is the earliest extant work dealing exclusively with acupuncture and moxibustion and one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion.西金时期的著名医家皇浦谧编辑的针灸甲乙经由12卷128章组成，包括349个穴位。它是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。The Sui
15、and Tang Dynasties came into their own in feudal economy and culture. In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al. compiled General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomology. The book gave an extensive and minute description of the etiology and symptoms of various diseases. It is the earliest extant classic on et
16、iology and symptoms in China. In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 20 other scholars, compiled Newly-Revised Materia Medica ( Xin Xiu Ben Cao ) , which is the first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China, and the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world as well. Sun Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted a
17、ll his life to writing out the two books: Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies (Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang ) and Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions ( Qian Jin Yi Fang) . The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion,
18、diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine. Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as the king of herbal medicine.隋唐时期形成了自己封建的经济文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方编辑的诸病源候论对各种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广泛而详细的描述。它是
19、现存最早的病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了新修本草。它是中国古代官方正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上最早的药学著作。孙思邈(公元前581-682年)倾其一生精力撰写了两部著作，分别是备急千金药方和千金翼方.书中涉及了医理总论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药之祖”。In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of TCM . The goverment set upthe Imperial Medical
20、 Bureau for training and bringing up qualified TCM workers. In 1057 AD, a special organ named Bureau for Revising Meidical Books was set up in order to proofread and correct the medical books from preceding ages, and to publish them one after another. The books revised have been handed down till now
21、 and are still the important classics for China and other countries to study TCM.宋朝更注重的是中医教育。政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格的中医师。公元前1057年，一个特殊的组织-校正医书局成立了，其目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界学习中医的重要经典著作。In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared four medical schools represented by Liu Wansu ( 1120-1200
22、 AD ), Zhang Congzheng ( 1156-1228 AD), Li Gao ( l180-1251 AD) and Zhu Zhenheng ( 1281-1358 AD). Among them, Liu Wansu believed that fire and heat were the main causes of a variety of diseases, and that the diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature. So he was known as the school
23、of cold and cool by later generations, Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors invading the body, and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by methods of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. So he was known as the school of purgation. The
24、 third school represented by Li Gao held that Internal injuries of the spleen and stomach will bring about various diseases. Therefore, he emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in th
25、e five elements. So he was regarded as the founder of the school of reinforcing the earth. And the fourth school was known as the school of nourishing yin by founded Zhu Zhenheng. He believed: Yang is usually redundant, while yin is ever deficient. That is why the body often has enough yang but not
26、enough yin. So he usually used the method to nourish yin and purge fire in clinical practice.金元时期出现了四个医学学派代表人物分别为：刘完素(公元前1120-1200)、张从正(公元前1156-1228)、李杲(公元前1180-1251)、朱震亨(公元前1281-1358)。他们中，刘完素认为火热是导致各种疾病的病因，治疗疾病应选择性质寒凉的药，因此被后世称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出，所以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤，百
27、病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中属土，故其被称为“补土派”的奠基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余，阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用“滋阴泻火”的方法。Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of Materia Medica ( Ben Cao Gang Mu ). The book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 medicinal he
28、rbs, including over 10,000 prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of medicinal items. In addition, his book also deals with botany, zoology, mineralogy, physics, astronomy, meteorology, etc. It is really a monumental work in Materia Medica. It is a great contribution to the development of pharmacolog
29、y both in China and all over the world. During the same period, acupuncture and moxibustion reached their climax. Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages were summarized and developed.李时珍(公元前1518-1593年)是汉朝著名的内科医生及药师，撰写了本草纲目。该书共有52卷，记载了1892种药，10000首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该书还涉及了植物学
30、、动物学、地质学、 药理学、天文学、气象学等学科，是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，针灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历代的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发展。Since the founding of New China, our government has paid great attention to inheriting and developing the heritage of TCM and Materia Medica. A series of policies and measures have been taken for dev
31、eloping TCM. In 1986, the State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia Medica was established. This leading body is the guarantee of developing TCM and Materia Medica smoothly. Never before has TCM been as prosperous as it is today. TCM has experienced many vicissitudes of times but always remains
32、 evergreen. There is no doubt that TCM will take its place in medical circles of the world as a completely new medicine.自从新中国成立以后，我国政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以了高度的重视，制定了一系列利于中医药发展的方针政策和措施。1986年，国家中医药管理局成立了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展的领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁和沧桑之后，中医药仍然保持着其鲜活的生命力。毫无疑问，中医药将以崭新的面貌耸立于世界之林。Part Two: SPECIFIC
33、 AND PROFOUND TCM 第二部分: 中医的独特性与深刻意义TCM, one of Chinas splendid cultural heritages, is the science dealing with human physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. TCM summed up the experience of the Chinese people in their long struggle against diseases and, under the influ
34、ence of ancient naive materialism and dialectics, evolved into a unique, integral system of medical theory through long clinical practice. During several thousand years it has made great contributions to the promotion of health, the proliferation and prosperity of the Chinese nation, and the enrichm
35、ent and development of world medicine as well. The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was greatly influenced by ancient Chinese materialism and dialectics. The theoretical system takes the physiology and pathology of zang-fu organs and meridians as its basis, and TDS as its diagnostic and th
36、erapeutic features.中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之一，它是一门涉及人体生理、病理、诊断、治疗和疾病预防的科学。它是在古代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总结， 并在长期的临床实践中演化成了一套独特完整的医学理论。在过去的几千年里，中医为中华人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰富及发展做出了巨大的贡献。中医理论系统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和辩证法的极大影响。这套理论系统以脏腑经络的生理病理为基础，以辨证论治为其诊断特色。TCM has its own specific understanding both in the physiolog
37、ical functions and pathological changes of the human body and in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. TCM regards the human body itself as an organic whole interconnected by zang-fu organs, meridians and collaterals.And TCM also holds that the human body is closely related to the outside world. I
38、n regard to the onset and development of a disease, TCM attaches great importance to the endogenous pathogenic factors, namely the seven emotion, but it by no means excludes the exogenous pathogenic factors, namely the six pathogens. In diagnosis, TCM takes the four diagnostic methods ( inspection,
39、auscultation ant olfaction,inquiry, pulse-taking and palpation as its principal tcchniques, eight principal syndromes as its general guideline, and differentiation of syndrome according to the zang-fu theory, differentiation of syndromes according to the six-meridian theory, and differentiation of s
40、yndromes according to the theory of wei, qi, ying and xue as its basic theories of the differentiation of syndromes. It also stresses the prevention and preventive treatment of disease, and puts forward such therapeutic principles as treatment aiding at the root cause of disease. strengthening vital
41、 qi and dispelling pathogens, regulating yin and yang and treating diseases in accordance with three conditions (i. e. the climatic and seasonal conditiont, geographic localities and the patients constitution).中医在对人体的生理功能、病理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见解。它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络相互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外界环境也是息息相关的。中医高度重视内因即所谓的“七情”在
42、疾病的发生和发展过程中所起的作用，但也决不排除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”。在诊断方面，中医以四诊(望、闻、问、切)为技术原则、八纲辨证为指导总纲并把脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作为其辨证论治的基础。它强调“未病先防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、“调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”(因时、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。These characteristicts, however, can be generalized as the holistic concept and treatment by differentiation of syndromes (TDS)然而，对以上的中医特点可以用“整体观
43、念”和“辨证论治”加以概括。l. The Holistic Concept 1.整体观念By the holistic concept is meant a general idea of, on the one hand, the unity) and integrity within the human body and, on the other, its close relationship with the outer world. The human body is composed of various organs and tissues, each having its ow
44、n distinct function, which is a component part of the life activities of the whole body. And in TCM the human body is regarded as an organic whole in which its constituent parts are inseparable in structure, interrelated and interdependent in physiology, and mutually influential in pathology. Meanwh
45、ile, man lives in nature, and nature provides the conditions indispensible to mans survival. So it follows that the human body is bound to be affected directly or indirectly by the changes of nature, to which the human body, in turn, makes corresponding responses. TCM says: Physicians have to know t
46、he law of nature and geographical conditions when diagnosing and treating diseases. Thats why TCM not only stresses the unity of the human body itself but also attaches great importance to the interrelationship between the body and nature in diagnosing and treating diseases.整体观念的总思想是一方面认为人体是一个统一的整体，
47、另一方面认为人体与其外界环境密切相关。人体由不同的脏腑组织组成，每个脏腑组织都有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行生命活动的组成部分。中医把人体看作一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生理上相互联系和相互独立，在病理上相互影响。同时，因为人类生活在自然中，自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境，所以人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境变化的影响并产生相应的反应。中医认为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规律和地理环境。这便是中医为何在诊治疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人体与自然环境相互作用的关系。2. Treatment by Differentiation of Syndromes 2.辨证论治TCM, on the o
48、ther hand, is characterized by TDS. Differentiation means comprehensive analysis, while syndrome refere to symptoms and signs. So differentiation of syndromes implies that the patients symptoms and signs collected by the four diagnostic methods are analyzed and summarized so as to identify the etiology, nature and location of a disease, and the relation between vital qi and pathogens, thereby determining what syndrome the disease belongs to. By treatment is meant selecting the corresponding therapy according to the outcome of differentiating s