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1、.3.15 导航系统NAVIGATION SYSTEM3.15.1 基础知识BASIC KNOWLEDGE导航navigation区域导航area navigation向台/背台导航to/from navigation要求的导航性能Required Navigation Performance RNP实际导航性能Actual Navigation Performance ANP导航系统误差Navigation System Error NSE经度longitude纬度latitude天波sky wave地波ground wave大圆圈great circle大圆航线great circle c
2、ourse基线baseline基线延伸baseline extension航线（航道）course航迹track飞机方位bearing of aircraft空速airspeed地速ground speed偏航角Drift Angle DA航迹角track angle导航速度三角形navigational velocity triangle磁差magnetic variation航向heading真航向true heading磁航向magnetic heading罗航向compass heading当前位置（即时位置）present position待飞距离distance to go待飞时间
3、time to go预定航迹角desired track angle航迹角误差Track Angle Error TAE偏航距cross track distance 航迹变化track change位置校正position correction导航参数navigation parameter导引参数guidance parameter航位（迹）推算法dead-reckoning航线计算course-line calculation导航方程navigation equation计算机导航程序computer navigation program计算机中央处理器computers Central
4、 Processing Unit (CPU)位置线position line航向姿态基准系统Attitude Heading Reference System AHRS辅助空中导航系统supplemental air navigation system近地警告系统Ground Proximity Warning System GPWS角-角系统 system圆-圆系统 system极坐标系统 system相干载波coherent carrier工作区working region角-角系统工作区working region for system圆-圆系统工作区working region for
5、 system自主式导航self-aid navigation非自主式导航ground-based navigation模拟式导航设备analogous navigation set数字式导航设备digital navigation set极区导航polar navigation区域导航area navigation航向系统heading system最大概率位置计算most probable position calculation最佳计算位置best computed position地球引力场earth gravitational field地球重力场earth gravity fiel
6、d电磁干扰electromagnetic interference绝对高度absolute altitude气压高度barometric altitude密度高度density altitude压力高度pressure altitude最低安全高度Minimum Safe Altitude MSA最低航线安全高度Minimum Enroute Safe Altitude MESA真实高度true altitude高度源altitude sources时区Time Zone TZ风向wind direction风速wind speed侧风crosswind顶风headwind航路点Way Poi
7、nt WPT向/背台航路点to/from waypoint用户航路点user waypoint语言航路点phonetic waypoint咨询航路点advisory waypoint基准航路点reference waypoint仪表进场航路点instrument approach waypoint中间航路点intermediate waypoint进场航路点approach waypoint复飞进场航路点missed approach waypoint航路点数据waypoint data航（路）段leg, track leg出航段（背台段）outbound leg返航段（向台段）inbound
8、 leg起飞段（第一边）take-off leg进场段（第五边）approach leg, final leg侧风边（第二边）crosswind leg顺风边（第三边）downwind leg起落航线第四边base leg巡航段cruising leg航迹Track (TK)预定航迹Desired Track DTK选定的航迹selected track实际航迹Actual Track ATK偏航航迹off-course track实际磁航道actual magnetic course航迹角track angle航迹角误差Track Angle Error TAE航迹交叉角track cros
9、sing angle航迹倾角Flight Path Angle FPA真航迹角true track angle当前航路段航迹current legs track选定的偏航迹selected crosstrack SX偏航迹误差cross-track error风向修正角Wind Correctional Angle WCA航迹误差图track error graphics航迹误差指示器track error indicator信号器annunciator平行航迹信号器Parallel Track Annunciator PTA保持信号器hold annunciator标准仪表起飞Standar
10、d Instrument Departures SID标准仪表进场Standard Instrument Approach SIA标准终点到达Standard Terminal Arrival STA进场类型approach type复飞进场missed approach直飞进场straight approach初始进场定位（点）Initial Approach Fix IAF最终进场定位（点）Final Approach Fix FAF复飞进场点Missed Approach Point MAP复飞进场保持点Missed Approach Holding Point MAHP进场剖面图app
11、roach profile数据信息data messageP-码（精确或保护码）precise code, protected code数据管理装置Data Management Unit DMU数据传输装置Data Transfer Unit DTU导航数据卡navdata card数据库卡database card快速检查卡quick-reference card国际数据库卡international database card直接导航direct navigation应急导航emergency navigation飞行计划导航flight plan navigation预计到达时间Est
12、imated Time of Arrival ETA希望到达时间expected time of arrival预计航线飞行时间Estimated Time of Enroute ETE预计起飞时间Estimated Time of Departure ETD期望起飞时间expected time of departure飞行计划Flight Plan FP飞行计划辅助跟踪flight plan assisted tracking飞行计划数据flight plan data飞行计划航路flight plan route飞行计划处理系统（中心）flight plan processing sys
13、tem (center)飞行轨迹矢量Flight Path Vector FPV飞行前计划preflight planning飞行计划距离flight plan distance(美)国家空域系统National Airspace System NAS空域表airwatch位置查找position finding控制空间controlled airspace磁偏离magnetic variation静态定位static positioning差动定位differential positioning精度下降Dilution of Precision DOP位置精度下降Position Dilut
14、ion of Precision PDOP频道channel多路频道multiplexing channel频谱frequency spectrum频段frequency band频段宽度bandwidth载体频率carrier frequencyL-频段L-band方式键mode keys功能键function keys交点intersection控制段control segment空间段space segment用户段user segment连续接收机continuous receiver排序接收机sequencing receiver多频道接收机multi-channel receive
15、r接收机自备完好性监测Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RAIM伪随机码pseudo-random code伪范围pseudo-range伪随机噪音信号Pseudo-Random Noise PRN载体辅助跟踪carrier-aided tracking偏航指示器Course Deviation Indicator CDI高度编码器altitude encoder时钟偏差clock bias协调世界时Universal Time Coordinated UTC电离层ionosphere电离层传播折射ionospheric refraction无定
16、向信标Non-Directional Beacon NDB标识符identifier联邦航空局码FAA code国际民用航空组织码ICAO code用户接口user interface数据接口格式data interface format随机存取存储器Random Access Memory RAM永久性随机存取存储器non-volatile random access memory夜视镜night vision goggles最低导航性能规范Minimum Navigational Performance Specifications MNPS3.15.2 惯性导航系统INERTIAL NA
17、VIGATION SYSTEM捷联式惯导系统strapdown inertial navigation system指北式惯导系统north pointing inertial navigation system游移方位式惯性导航系统wander azimuth inertial navigation system自由方位式惯性导航系统free azimuth inertial navigation system旋转方位式惯性导航系统rotating azimuth inertial navigation system横向经纬度惯性导航系统transverse latitude-longitu
18、de inertial navigation system单极坐标惯性导航系统unipolar inertial navigation system惯性基准系统Inertial Reference System IRS舒勒原理Schuler principle舒勒回路Schuler loop平台伺服回路platform servo loop锥效应coning effect初始对准initial alignment陀螺罗经法对准gyrocompassing alignment光学对准optical alignment传递对准transfer alignment存贮对准memory alignme
19、nt空中对准alignment in air惯导系统参数标定parameter calibration of inertial navigation system检测监控装置detector-monitor组合导航系统integrated navigation system惯性-多普勒组合导航系统inertial-Doppler integrated navigation system惯性-罗兰-C组合导航系统inertial-Loran-C integrated navigation system惯性-测距器组合导航系统inertial-DME integrated navigation s
20、ystem惯性-天文组合导航系统inertial-stellar integrated navigation system陀螺仪gyroscope液浮陀螺仪liquid floated gyroscope磁悬浮陀螺magnetic suspension gyroscope自由转子陀螺free rotor gyroscope挠性陀螺flexure gyroscope细颈式挠性陀螺flexure gyroscope of fine neck动力调谐挠性陀螺dynamically tuned flexure gyroscope转子振动式挠性陀螺rotor vibration flexure gyro
21、scope静电陀螺electrostatic gyroscope激光陀螺laser gyroscope挠性接头flexure joint挠性陀螺正交力矩orthogonal torque of flexure gyroscope干扰力矩interfering torque浮液floatation fluid陀螺漂移率gyro drift rate有规律性漂移率systematic drift rate随机漂移率random drift rate逐次漂移率switch-on to switch-on random drift rate陀螺开环试验gyro open-loop testing陀螺力
22、矩反馈试验gyro torque-feedback testing陀螺伺服转台试验gyro servo-turntable testing陀螺翻滚试验gyro tumbling test伺服转台servo turntable加速度计accelerometer比力specific force挠性加速度计flexure accelerometer振弦式加速计vibrating string accelerometer磁悬浮加速度计magnetic suspension accelerometer检测质量proof mass力发生器forcer力矩器torque摆性pendulosity摆轴pend
23、ulous axis输入轴input axis输入轴安装误差input axis misalignment枢轴pivot axis偏值bias偏值稳定性bias stability标度因数scale factor标度因数稳定性scale factor stability阀值threshold分辨率resolution交叉耦合系数cross coupling coefficient输入量程input range输出量程output range输入范围input span测量基准轴measurement reference axis输入极限input limits加速度计重力场试验accelero
24、meter tests in one-gravity field加速度计离心试验centrifugal test of accelerometer加速度计线性振动试验linear vibratory test of accelerometer多功能敏感元件multisensor控制显示器Control Display Unit CDU电池组件Battery Unit BU远距显示器remote display unit模式选择装置Mode Selector Unit MSU关机OFF校准ALIGN导航NAV惯性平台inertial platform俯仰pitch横滚roll偏航yaw3.15.
25、3 测向/测距系统DIRECTION-FINDING AND DISTANCE-MEASURING SYSTEM甚高频全向信标（伏尔）VHF Omnidirection Range VOR伏尔导航系统VOR navigation system全向信标方位（伏尔角）VOR angle多普勒伏尔Doppler VOR DVOR精密伏尔Precision VOR PVOR终端伏尔Terminal VOR TVOR标准伏尔天线standard VOR antenna伏尔机载天线VOR airborne antenna伏尔接收机VOR receiver全向方位选择器omni-bearing select
26、or向/背台指示器to/from indicator, inbound/outbound indicator无线电磁罗盘指示器Radio Magnetic Indicator RMI警旗flag alarm, warning flag伏尔模拟信号源VOR-signal generator测距器（仪）Distance Measuring Equipment DME精密测距器precision DME询问脉冲interrogation pulse回答脉冲reply pulse测距门distance measuring gate距离搜索distance searching预跟踪pre-trackin
27、g距离跟踪distance tracking记忆时间memory time速度记忆velocity memory测距精度distance measuring accuracyX波道和Y波道X-channel and Y-channel距离指示器distance indicator测距器应答台DME transponder应答台识别信号identification signal of transponder恒定工作周期constant duty cycle填充脉冲filler pulse静寂时间dead time应答台回答效率reply efficiency of the transponder
28、测距器机载天线airborne antenna of DME测距器(模拟)信号源DME signal source伏尔/测距器VOR/DME指北基准脉冲north reference pulse辅助基准脉冲auxiliary reference pulse方位粗测系统coarse system of bearing方位精测系统fine system of bearing顶空盲区upper space of silence低空盲区lower space of silence自动定向仪automatic direction finder罗盘compass罗盘方位compass bearing罗盘方
29、位变化率compass-bearing rate罗差补偿compass compensating罗盘航向compass course罗盘偏差compass deviation无线电罗盘radio compass测距器收发机DME transceiver同轴电缆适配器coax adapter斜距slant range (line-of-sight distance)地面台标识station identification频率波道frequency-channel待飞时间Time-To-Go TTG延迟delay3.15.4 指点信标系统MARKER BEACON SYSTEM扇形指点标fan ma
30、rkers区域指点标Z marker远距指点标outer marker中距指点标middle marker近距指点标inner marker刀形天线blade type antenna指点信标机天线marker beacon antenna指点信标接收机marker beacon receiver灵敏度控制开关sensitivity control switch按压测试型指示灯push-to-test indicator light搭接电阻electrical bond resistance目视和声音指示visual and aural indication地面指点信标发射机ground ma
31、rker beacon transmitter75MHz 固定频率fixed frequency of 75 MHz音频滤波器audio filter3.15.5 全球定位系统GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM导航卫星navigation satellite全球导航卫星系统Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS卫星轨道satellite orbit卫星轨道参数satellite orbit parameter卫星覆盖范围satellite coverage卫星导航地面站satellite navigation earth station控
32、制系统部分control system segment卫星跟踪站satellite tracking station监测站Monitor Station MS遥测站telemetry station计算中心computing center主控站Master Control Station MCS卫星导航用户设备satellite navigation equipment for user全球定位系统Global Positioning System GPS差分全球定位系统differential GPSGPS导航仪GPS navigatorGPS接收机GPS receiver3.15.6 着陆
33、系统LANDING SYSTEM进场和着陆approach and landing跑道视距runway visual range决断高度decision height仪表着陆标准Instrument Landing System ILS雷达着陆系统radar landing system无线电高度表radio altimeter调频无线电高度表FM radio altimeter脉冲调幅式无线电高度表pulse AM radio altimeter双调频(无线电)高度表double FM altimeter无线电高度表天线radio altimeter antenna下滑信标Glide Slo
34、pe GS下滑信标天线glide-path antenna , GS antenna下滑接收机glide receiver指点信标marker beacon指点信标天线marker antenna指点信标接收机beacon receiver航向信标localizer航向信标天线localizer antenna偏离指示器deviation indicator精密测距仪precision distance measurer仰角引导单元elevation guidance element拉平仰角引导单元flare-out elevation guidance element仪表着陆系统(模拟)信号
35、源ILS signal generator微波着陆系统Microwave Landing System MLS波束扫描技术scanning beam technique时间基准波束扫描技术time-reference scanning beam technique多普勒扫描技术Doppler scanning technique辅助数据链auxiliary data link微波着陆系统覆盖microwave landing system coverage空中导出数据系统air-derived data system3.15.7 空中交通管制AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ATC空域划
36、分division of airspace航路airway空中交通管制系统Air Traffic Control System ATCS目视飞行规则Visual Flight Rules VFR仪表飞行规则Instrument Flight Rules IFR飞行高度层flight level间隔标准seperation standard机场场面监视雷达airport surface detection radar航路监视雷达enroute surveillance radar空中交通管制雷达信标系统radar beacon system of air traffic control 编码器e
37、ncoder解码器decoder询问模式interrogation mode应答器transponder空中交通管制中心数据处理设备data processing equipment of ATCC空中交通管制系统模拟器simulator of air traffic control system人工空中交通管制系统manual air traffic control system雷达进场管制系统radar approach control system自动化空中交通管制系统automatic air traffic control system(美)国家空域管制系统National Airs
38、pace System NAS自动雷达终端系统Automatic Radar Terminal System ARTS方式选择开关mode select switch高度报告altitude reporting 阻通（抑制)inhibit脉冲串pulse train编码选择钮code select knob抑制编码suppression pulses触发脉冲trigger pulse有效询问信号valid interrogation signal回答指示灯reply lightATC 应答机外场测试仪ATC transponder ramp test set编码开关code switch旁瓣抑
39、制side lobe suppression接收机灵敏度receiver sensitivity应答率reple rate询问率interrogation rate补码complemental code离散寻址信标系统discrete addressable beacon system识别identification (IDENT)识别代码选择键identification code selector key地址代码address code3.15.8 无线电高度表RADIO ALTIMETER SYSTEM低高度无线电高度表low range radio altimeter绝对高度absol
40、ute altitude 垂直位置信息vertical position information高度指示器height indicator发射天线transmit antenna接收天线receive antenna决断高度decision altitude三角波调制信号triangular wave modulating signal中心频率center frequency同轴电缆插头座coaxial connector接收发射机receiver-transmitter, transceiver高度自动校准altitude self-calibration高度校准电路altitude cal
41、ibration circuits校准环路混频器calibration loop mixer高度跳闸电路altitude trip circuits接合面faying surfaces气压高度baro-altitude3.15.9 雷达RADAR机载雷达airborne radar气象雷达weather radar圆锥扫描雷达conical scanning radar顺序波束转换雷达sequential lobing radar单脉冲雷达monopulse radar比幅单脉冲雷达amplitude comparison monopulse radar比相单脉冲雷达phase compari
42、son monopulse radar电子飞行信息系统雷达electronic flight information system radar精密进场雷达precision approach radar调频雷达frequency modulated radar机载动目标显示雷达airborne moving-target indication (MTI) radar连续波雷达continuous-wave radar脉冲多普勒雷达pulse Doppler radar脉冲压缩雷达pulse compression radar合成孔径雷达Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR相控阵雷达phased array radar啁啾技术chirp固态雷达solid-state radar机载真实孔径侧视雷达airborne real aperture side-locking radar多功能雷达multifunction radar频率分集雷达frequency diversity radar多普勒导航雷