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1、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： 我们已经学过了引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的用法，那么定语从句都是用来修 饰、限制前面的名词或代词的吗？对比下面句子： 1. He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 2. I found him in the woods, where there was a well-known tree. 我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。 3. Our guide, who was a Frenchman, was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人
2、。 4. She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上。 观察四个句子可以发现，句2和句 3 中的定语从句有逗号与句子的其它部分隔开，句1 和句 4 却没有，那么有逗号和没有逗号的定语从句有区别吗？有什么区别呢？这就是这个单 元我们要学习的内容。 语法点拨 先行词和关系词的关系 什么是定语从句？ 修饰作主语、 宾语、表语的名词或代词的句子就叫定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词： who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词： when, where, why 试一试 把下面两个句子组
3、合成一个复合句： 1. This is the school. I think it beautiful. This is the school which/that I think is beautiful. 这就是我认为很美的那所学校。 2. This is the school. We study in our school. This is the school which/that we study in. This is the school in which we study. 这就是我们学习的那所学校。 This is the school where we study. 3.
4、 Do you know the room? It is made of amber. Do you know the room which/that is made of amber? 你知道那座用琥珀造的屋子吗？ 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. I have read the newspaper which/that carries the important news. 我已经读了刊有那条重要消息的报纸了。 5. The boy is in my class. His father is a pol
5、iceman. The boy whose father is a policeman is in my class. 父亲是警察的那个男孩儿在我的班里。 6. April 1 is the day. On the day people make fun of others. April 1 is the day on which/ when people make fun of others. 4 月 1 日是人们愚弄他人的日子。 小结 从上述定语从句的组合练习我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系： 1. 关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。再如： A p
6、lane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that The boy who broke the window is called Wang Kai. the boy =who The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy s =whose 2. 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；关系副词代替先行词在从句中 作时间、地点、原因状语。再如： I want to explain the reason why I
7、was late for school. why=for the reason 【定语从句（二）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】 限制性和非限制性定语从句 什么是限制性定语从句？ Anyone should be punished. Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 违反规则的人应该受罚。 第一个句子不合常理，而加上定语从句后就合理了，也就是说， 如果一个句子去掉定语 从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就是限制性定语从句。 什么是非限制性定语从句？ 就是不用于限制先行词，而起补充附带说明的作用的定语从句，译成汉
8、语时， 主句和从 句可以分别翻译，互不影响，最大的特点就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。 She is good at speaking French, which she learned at school. 他擅长说法语，他是在学校学的这门语言。 This book was written by Jack, who was here a moment ago. 这本书是杰克写的，他刚才还在这里。 I have some friends, some of whom are teachers. 我有几个朋友，他们中有的是老师。 运用非限制性定语从句的情况 1. 关系代词which 指代整个主句内容 A
9、 middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。 If he didn t, his temperature would get very low, which could quickly kill him. (2018 北京模拟 ) 如果他不（那样做） ，他的体温会降低，这可能很快让他失去生命。 2. 先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词 (2018 湖南模拟 ) But what about large, heavy structures like
10、 Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building? 但是像特里蒙特旅馆那样大型的，结实的建筑物怎么样呢？那家旅馆是六层的砖楼。 The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth. 月球绕着地球转，它离地球384,000 千米远 3. 先行词指的是某人惟一的某位亲属等。 Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year. 她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(她只
11、有一个姐姐) 对比： Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year. 她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(她还有别的姐姐) 4. 当出现“名词/代词 +of + which / whom ”结构时 They talked about a movie, the name of which I ve never forgotten. 他们谈论过一部电影，我从来没有忘记片名。 China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是
12、台湾岛。 非限制性定语从句的连接词 1. 关系代词 关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语、宾语时，要用who, whom, which ；在从句中作定 语用 whose。不用 that，而且所有关系词不可省略。 She had eight children, three of whom became soldiers. 她有八个孩子，其中三个当了兵。 John Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 约翰史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。 Their teacher is a Japanese, whose wife is a Ch
13、inese. 他们的老师是日本人，他的妻子是中国人。 That is his room ，whose window faces south. 那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。 注意： 在非限制性定语从句中，whom 在从句中作宾语时不能用who 代替。 The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to marry. 这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。 (2018 四川模拟 ) Every day I practiced reading and writing ， which I used to avoid as much as possi
14、ble每天我练习阅读和书写，这些我过去都尽量回避的。 2. 关系副词 关系词在非限制性定语从句中作时间、地点状语时，分别用when 或 where 引导。 why 不能用于非限制性定语从句，要改用for which 。 She is going to Shanghai, where she was born. 她打算去上海，她的出生地。 We will go home next week, w hen we won t be so busy. 我们下周回家，那时我们不会这么忙。 3. as As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a gr
15、eat American writer. 美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔，这是常事。 （详细内容见“引导定语从句的as”栏） 引导定语从句的as 1. 限制性定语从句中 当先行词在从句中作主语或宾语，同时又被the same、so 或者 such 等修饰时，常用as 引导定语从句。 Such people as you talked about are not good. (as 代替 people 在从句中作宾语) 你说的那种人不好。 Let s
16、discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us. 我们只讨论我们所有人都感兴趣的问题吧。(as代替 questions 在从句中作主语) I have the same trouble as you have. 我和你有同样的麻烦。 I feel just the same as you do. 我感觉与你一样。 He is so good a teacher as I like very much. 他是我喜欢的那类好老师。 2. 非限制性定语从句中 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as
17、 在定语从句 中可以作主语、 宾语等，引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之前，之中或之后， 位置灵活。 This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see. 像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。 As we expected, he passed the exam. 正如我们预料的，他通过了考试。 Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China. 你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 注意：引导非限制性定语从句时，as和 which 的区别 1） 在非限定性定语从句中，as和 which 都可指代
18、整个主句， 相当于 and this 或 and that。 as 一般放在句首和句中，which 只用于句中。 我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。 As we know, smoking is harmful t o one s health. Smoking is harmful to one s health, which/as is known to all. 2）as 引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which 引导的从句不受此限制。 The spaceship has been launched successfully, as was expected. 飞船已经成功发射，这正是我们
19、期待的。 The result of the experiment was very good, which w e hadn t expected. 实验结果非常好，这点出乎我们预料。 3）在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指代的是先行词，而不是主句时，用which 。 The house, which they built two years ago, fell down in the earthquake. 那所房子在地震中倒塌了，那是他们两年前建的。 4）as 引导非限制性定语从句时，常指代主句内容，表示依据、评论等，意为“正如、 正像” ，而 which 常译成“这”，所接内容更广泛。 H
20、e is a kind fisherman, as anybody can see. 他是一个善良的渔民，这大家都清楚。 My friend showed me round the town ，which was very kind of him. 我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。 The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. 太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 3. as常用的一些固定结构 as we know/ as is known to all/ as we all can see
21、 众所周知 as is often the case 情况常常是这样 as might be imagined 可以想象得到 as might be expected 正如所预料的那样 as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before/above 正如前文所述 as often happens 像往常一样 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 1. 从形式上看 限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词 之间必须用逗号隔开。 Mr. Smith ，who came to see me yeste
22、rday，is one of my best friends. 昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句) This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years. 这就是那位有30 年教龄的老师。(限制性定语从句) 2. 从意义上讲 限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去掉，会影 响句子意思的完整性，往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅 仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用，两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后 主句的意思仍然完整。 The old man has a son
23、, who is in the army. 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（非限制性定语从句对son进行补充说明） The old man has a son who is in the army. 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。 (限制性定语从句对先行词son进行限定，暗示老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作） Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? 你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？（限制professor，是那个在会上发言的教授） This letter is from his parents, who are w
24、orking in Tibet. 这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。（补充说明他父母的其他信息） 3. 从翻译方法来看 一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词；非限制性定 语从句则往往译成后置的并列句。 This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house，which we bought last month ，is very nice 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性 ) The teachers who are kind are popular with t
25、he students. 态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。（限制性） Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. 王老师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。(非限制性 ) This notebook was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. 这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。 4. 先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词、代词或词组；非限制性定语从句的关系代词 which 既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句作主语时，定 语从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。 Th
26、is is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是novel) The novel ，which I read last night ，is very interesting. 这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为novel) The novel is very interesting ，which makes me very glad. 这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为主句“The novel is very interesting ”) She heard the terrible noise,
27、which brought her heart into her mouth. (which指代 noise) 她听见了可怕的声音，这使我的心跳到了嗓子眼。 He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。(which 指代主句“他似乎没领会我的意思”。 ) 定语从句解题思路 1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型。 2. 题干句如果是疑问句式，有时将其转化为陈述句式更容易判断。 3. 分析从句的句子结构，缺主语或宾语， 用关系代词； 缺状语， 用关系副词， 缺定语， 表示“的
28、” ，用 whose。 4. 注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词and, but 等。 试一试： 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 在句子 2-7 的空白处填入合适的关系代词或关系副词。 2. English is an important subject, _ every student should study well. 3. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was
29、 unexpected. 4. This is our headmaster, _ I think has something to tell you. 5. Where is the book _ I bought this morning? 6. Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, _ he was buried in 1977. 7. Dad, this is Zheng Jie, _ I knew in Paris 8. Dad, this is Zheng Jie, and _ I knew him in
30、Paris 分析： 1. 选 D。把主句变成陈述句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 可以发现句 子少表语，用the one 作表语，而引导定语从句的、在从句中作visited 的宾语的关系代 词 that 或 which 省略了。 2. 填 which。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作study 的宾语。 3. 填 which。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中代替主句作主语。 4. 填 who。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作has的主语。 5. 填 which 或 that，引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作bought 的宾语。可以省略。
31、 6. 填 where。where 引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，相当于in Switzerland 。 7. 填 whom。引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语。 8. 因为有 and，后面是并列句的分句，不缺少成分，不需要加关系词。 两组特殊的先行词 1. anyone, those, he/she/I / they 作先行词时，用who 引导定语从句，不用that。 任何犯法的人都要受到惩罚。 Anyone who breaks the law is punished. Those who break the law are punished. He who breaks t
32、he law is punished. 2. 1) time 作“次数”讲时用关系代词that 引导定语从句，that 可省略； 2) time 作“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when 或介词 at/during which引导定语从句。 This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家。 That was at a time when/ during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 那是一个没
33、有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时期。 巩固练习 一、将下列两个简单句合并成一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。 1. I am reading Harry Porter. It is an interesting book. _ 2. He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry. _ 3. He has two sons. Both of them are doctors. _ 4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase. The price of it was very reason
34、able. _ 5. Last week, two persons came to see the house. Neither of them wanted to buy it. _ 6. I have lost the pen. My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday. _ 7. Do you see the house? The windows of it face south. _ 8. He must be from Africa. It can be seen from his skin. _ 9. The book is wor
35、th reading. He paid 6 yuan for it. _ 10. She is a teacher of much knowledge. Much can be learned from her. _ 二、单项选择 1. Attention! Our bus is approaching Cambridge ，_ we ll be stopping to e at. A. when B. which C. as D. where 2. People who seldom do sports or _diet is high in fat will put off Weight
36、quickly. A. who B. whose C. which D. what 3. The novel was completed in 1978, _ the economic system has seen great changes A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when 4. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you left behind your keys and wallet? A. which ；whic
37、h B. which ；that C. that；where D. where；where 5. Part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, _ effects the people are still suffering from. A. that B. whose C. those D. what 6. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things，_ is often the case in other countr
38、ies. A. what B. as C. so D. that 7. Soon children in the camp had many new friends, _ they shared food, stories and projects. A. for which B. with whom C. of which D. to whom 8. The Great Wall is the place _ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing. A. why B. which C. when D
39、. where 9. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument. A. which to be based on B. on which to base C. which to be based D. which to base 10. (2018 天津耀华中学期末) The old couple, with _ daughter I work, will hold a party at home the day after tomorrow. A. which B. whom C. whose D. who
40、 11. I prefer a company _ people have to work as a team, instead of fighting against each other. A. where B. that C. as D. when 12. Is this the house_ you often talk about? Yes, just the one _ you know I used to live for more than 15 years. A. that; where B. which; that C. where; which D. where; tha
41、t 13. As a result of our serious staff shortages, the situation has risen _ we have to hire graduating collage students for help. A. that B. when C. where D. as 14. Do you have enough money _ to buy that fashionable dress? A. for which B. which uses C. with which D. which 15. I travel to the Binhai
42、New Area by light railway every day, do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. A. as B. which C. when D. though 16. Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _ we re going to visit. A. which B. where C. that D. in which 17. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ y
43、ou left behind your keys and wallet? A. which ；which B. which ；that C. that；where D. where；where 18. The old lady, all of _ children had been killed in the earthquake, was given help by the local government. A. her B. whom C. whose D. which 19. Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can
44、be used. A. where B. that C. of whom D. which 20. There are three libraries in our school, _ were built five years ago. A. all of them B. either of them C. all of which D. both of that 21. They ve won their last three matches，_I find a bit surprising actually. A. that B. when C. what D. which 22. Ch
45、ina s new food law provides for a food recall system _ producers have to stop production if their food isn t up to standards. A. where B. that C. when D. which 23. (2018 北京朝阳期末 ) Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. A. where B. while C. then D. there
46、 24. (2018 重庆模拟 ) He wrote many children s books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s. A. whom B. which C. them D. that 25. (2018 四川模拟 ) The books on the desk, _ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. Awhich B. what C. whose D. that 三、翻译句子 1. 他经常迟到，这让他的老师很生气。 2. 书架上总共有11 本书，其中5 本书是我的。 3. 约翰说他
47、一直在办公室工作，这是真的。 4. 众所周知，马克 吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 5. 他的拐杖昨天丢了，没有了拐杖他就不能走路。 6. 自然而然地，他娶了Jenny。 7. 我们在实验中用的这些记号是希腊字母。 8. 我递给他一杯威士忌，他立即喝了。 四、定语从句改错 1. Jim passed the driving test, it surprised everybody in the office. 2. Which is known to all, he is the best student. 3. It is such a big stone that nobody can lift. 4. Our teacher is very strict with us, that does much good to us. 5. He will come to see me next July, which he won t be so busy. 6. (2018 重庆石柱中学期末) We may not know how to use t