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1、定语从句讲与练 一、定语的概念： 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如： (先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语) a beautiful girl （）three boys （）a shoe factory （） Jim s father ( ) our teacher ( ) the man in the car （） the man standing at the door （）the man who is talking with Sam （） 二、定语从句的概念及主要特征： 1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 ；
2、定语从句 一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关系词 。 请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 2. 定语从句的主要特征： （1）先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分； （2） what 永远不能引导定语从句； （3）翻译时先译从句，翻译成“ .的” 三、定语从句的基本用法： 定 语 从 句 的 引 导 词 关系 代词 关系 副词 指人 指物 who(主语、宾语 )，whom(宾语)， that(主语、宾语 ), whose( 定语 ) that(主语、宾语
3、 ),which(主语、宾语 ) whose( 定语 ) where (地点状语 ) when (时间状语 ) why (原因状语 ) （一）关系代词引导的定语从句 1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时也作宾语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 分析：关系词who 在从句中作主语。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 Yesterday I help
4、ed an old man who had lost his way. 分析：关系词 _在从句中作 _。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 You needn t talk to the people who you don t like talking to. 分析：关系词 _在从句中作 _。 2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 Li M
5、ing is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose na
6、me is known all over the country. 分析：关系词_在从句中作 _ He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 译成汉语：_ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 I lost the book whose cover was blue. 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 We live in a house whose windows face the south. 译成汉语:_ 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaire
7、d. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 自己总结一下：在定语从句中，whose + 名词_ 4which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The factory wh
8、ich makes computers is far away from here. 分析：关系词 _在从句中作 _。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 译成汉语:_ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 译成汉语：_ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The film ( which ) they
9、 went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也 没有。分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 5that 引导定语从句时，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时，相当于who 或 whom；指物时，相 当于 which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座 城市的人数达一百万。分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 Where is
10、the man that / whom I saw this morning? 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 The person that / / you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I received a letter that /_ came from Australia. (二) 关系副词引导的定语从句 1when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。常可以用in/on/at which 代替。 I still remember th
11、e day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学 校的那一天。 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the People s Republic of China was founded. 1949 年 10 月 1 日 是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 把这个句子改成两个简单句：_ _ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 Do
12、 you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 把这个句子改 成两个简单句：_ _ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 2where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。常可用in/on/at which 代替。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 把这个句子改成两个简单句：_ _ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 把这个句子改成
13、两个简单句：_ _ 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 Is this the place where they fought against the enemy? 分析：关系词 _ 在从句中作 _。 注意： 当先行词是situation, occasion, point, case 时，且又在从句中作状语时，常用 where 来引导 定语从句。 Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where y
14、ou felt very embarrassed He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him. 3why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。常可用for which 来代替。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 分析：关系词_ 在从句中作 _。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 译成汉语： _ I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
15、译成汉语： _ 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“ 介词 +关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句来表示。如： I will never forget the moment when (=_) the blind students moved us. Great changes are taking place in the city where (=_) they live. The reason why (=_) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例： Attributive clause:
16、 限制性定语从句restrictive非限制性定语从句 non-restrictive 是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去 掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从 句和主句关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说 明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从 句， 写时往往逗号分开。 I was the only person who was invited. in my office Jenny, with whom I played table tennis yesterday, lives in my next room. The man who
17、came here yesterdayhas come again. That is Mr. Wang, whose daughter teaches English at a middle school. 注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用 who(主 语),whom(宾语 )，指物时须用 which. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 译成汉语： _ China is a country which has a long history. 译成汉语： _
18、 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 译成汉语： _ 非限制性定语从句举例： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 译成汉语： _ China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 译成汉语： _ Last summer I visited the People s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held
19、every year. 译成汉语： _ 注意：在非限制性定语从句中，有时which 所指代的先行词是前面的整个句子。 Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her. He didn t pass the exam, which surprised us. 五定语从句考查重点： （一）定语从句在下列情况下只能用that，而不能用which 指物。 （指人时可以用who/whom ） 1. 当先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen. The f
20、irst place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 2. 当先行词是 不定代词 everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little, some, much等代 词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。如： Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impo
21、ssible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up some information that they needed. 3. 当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last 修饰时。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his
22、 house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 4. 当先行词是who,或 which 引导的主句时。如： Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 5. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如： They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are
23、walking up the street. 思考：什么时候只能which 而不能用that 呢？ 1.在_中； 2.在_之后。 （二）关系代词的省略： The factory we visited yesterday was really old. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) The man you just talked to was my English teacher. (请将省略的关系代词补充在正确的位置) 当关系代词在从句中作_时可以省略。 （三） “ 介词 +关系代词 ” 引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“ 介词 +关系代词 ” 引出。 T
24、he school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy_I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 We ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who /
25、 that) we have often talked about. We ll go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager _ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 注意：含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：l
26、ook for, look after, take care of, give up 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误） 若介词放在关系
27、代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that ；关系代词指物时只 可用 which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正 ) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻 居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正 )我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在
28、很舒服。 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误 ) “ 介词 +关系代词 ” 前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数 词。如： He loves his parents deeply, are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩 待他都很好。 In the basket there are quite many apples, have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些
29、 已经坏了。 There are forty students in our class in all, are from big cities. 我们班总共有 个学生，大多数来自大城市。 Up to now, he has written ten stories, are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了 部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的。 （四）当先行词被one of 修饰时，若one of 前有 the only，则从句的谓语动词用单数，没有only 的 话则用复数。 He is one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：
30、_ He is the only one of the students who _ never late. 译成汉语：_ （五）先行词是时间却不用when 引导，先行词是地点却不用where 引导，先行词是原因却不用why 引导。 I will never forget the days _ we climbed the mountain together. I will never forget the days _ we spent together. We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live. We visited the house _ L
31、u Xun used to live in. This is the reason _ he was unhappy. This is the reason _ he explained to me. （六）当先行词被such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如： Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典
32、跟我上星期丢失的一样。 注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that 引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有 区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding. She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。 （七） 以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which 或 that引导， 而且通常可以省略。如： The way _he answered the questions was surp
33、rising. I don t like the way_ you laugh at her. Test yourself: 1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy. 2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. 3. The gentleman you told me yesterday pro
34、ved to be a thief. 4. Please take any seat is free. 5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier.（其中一个是士兵） 6. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers( 摩天大楼 )， has more than 100 storeys.（最高的一座） 7. He has written a book_ name I have forgotten. 8. This is the place _I spent my childhood. 9. The boy compos
35、ition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. 10. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. 11. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked. 12. I dont like the way you speak to her. 13. I shall never forget the years I lived in the country with the farmers, has
36、 a good effect on my life. 14. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 year s time. 15. Yesterday we had a meeting _ we discussed many problems. 16. Such a book you showed me is difficult to understand. 17. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books were pop
37、ular then. 18. This is the store we visited the famous shop assistants. 19. Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing, live my old parents. 20. _ we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. 21. Nick s guests, _ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more che
38、aply if they could. 22. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected. 23. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 24. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house _ I would be staying. 25.The museum will o
39、pen in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform_ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built. 26. Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment _ they live. 27. Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected. 28. Through the cours
40、e of my schooling, I met many teachers, two of _ influenced me greatly. 29. The children, all of _ had played the whole day long, were worn out. 30. He may win the competition, in _ case he is likely to get into the national team. 31. Finally he reached a lonely island _was completely cut off from the outside world. 32. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, _made one of the Chinese people s long-held dreams come true. 33. There is no simple answer, _ often the case in science.