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1、 虚拟语气用法归纳 湖北大冶一中 顾修平 E-mail：虚拟语气主要指的的是带有非真实条件状语从句的复合句，表达的是说话人的遗憾后悔的语气，愿望以及建议，命令，要求等等的情感，往往说的是与事实相反或者没办法实现改变的东西。虚拟语气主要表现为在对过去现在或者将来的情况做出假设后，有可能出现的情况。虚拟语气的内容主要有三大模块，第一模块就是涉及到条件从句部分的内容。这一部分的虚拟语气主要体现在三个方面：基本用法，各自为政，以及含蓄之美。下表就是条件从句虚拟语气的基本用法：条件从句的谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与过去事实相反的假设had donewould/could/might/should ha
2、ve done与现在事实相反的假设did (waswere)would/could/might/should do与将来事实相反的假设did (waswere ) ; should do;were to dowould/could/might/should do通常，在上面表格里反映的是非真实条件句的虚拟语气模式，从句和主句的谓语动词时间是一致的，如果两者时间不一致，此时就是混合型虚拟语气。混合型虚拟语气的使用要求“各自为政”，即从句和主句根据各自假设的时间不同，采用上面表格中对应的的谓语动词形式。如何“各自为政”呢？这就像是数学里的排列组合，一边有三种情况，交叉一搭配就出现了好多种情况。不管
3、怎样，我们要遵循一个原则，就是“各自为政”。例如，从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句则是对现在情况的假设，那我们在使用时，从句就用过去完成式，而主句要用would/could do的形式。当然，也不是所有的AB配就是合理的，有时候在具体语境下，会出现矛盾的情况，这时我们就要结合要表达的意思来判断他们是对什么情况的假设，选择合适的形式。一般而言，主句的假设时间会发生在从句的假设时间之后。因为是有这么一个条件才会出现主句的现状。因此在此类的完成句子练习中，我们要特别提醒注意时间状语的暗示1. If I had seen you, I would not be so worried now. (从句是对
4、过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设)2. If you had not watched television so late last night, you would not be so sleepy now.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设)3. If I were you, I would seize the chance to go abroad. (从句和主句都是现在的假设)4. Had you followed the doctors suggestion, you would be fine now.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设) 5. If I had ma
5、de some money last summer, I would go on holiday next month.( 从句是对过去的假设，主句是对将来的假设)6. You didnt let me drive. If we had driven in turns, you wouldnt be so tired now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设)7. If Jack hadnt met Rose on his voyage, he would be alive now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设)8. If Lily didnt attend today
6、s party, she could not have the chance to work in the company next week. (从句是对现在的假设，主句是对将来的假设)9. Had Father followed my travel plan , our family would not stay at home now. (从句是对过去的假设，主句是对现在的假设)10. If I were your mother, I would let you go out this weekend. (从句是对现在的假设，主句是对将来的假设)虚拟语气在if引导的条件状语从句中，特别注
7、意虚拟语气与倒装的结合，前提是省略if，这种情况多见于过去和将来的假设，具体表现是将if省略，把had, were, should之类词语提前构成倒装。例如：Were I you, I would go.Should it happen, what should you do?Had he recognised me, he would have come over.虚拟语气中的“含蓄之美”指的是含蓄虚拟语气。因为有时假设的情况并不是以if引导的条件从句形式出现，而是通过一些短语等形式暗示虚拟语气的存在，常用的词语有without, but for, otherwise, or等等，此时我们可
8、以从意思上推断出虚拟语气的时间(考试时多数情况是对过去的假设)。But for your encouragement, I would not have been admitted to this university. （过去）Without water, all lives would die. （现在）He felt too tired yesterday, or he would have attended my party. （过去）I was having a meeting, otherwise I would have come to see you off. （过去） 虚拟语
9、气的第二模块就是含有should +V的用法，这一部分主要是有关建议和命令的相关从句，包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句以及以之相关的形式主语宾语之类的从句。这一部分的词主要有常见的动词有advise, suggest, insist, order, require, recommend, command以及相关名词等等。记忆口诀：一个坚持(insist)，两个命令(order, command)，三个建议(suggest, advise, recommend)，四个要求(ask, require, demand, request)。1. 宾语从句的虚拟语气 He insisted
10、that the meeting be put off.The general ordered (that) all the soldiers (should ) leave.He gives orders that the soldiers (should) leave. 2. 表语从句的虚拟语气My suggestion is that we (should) stay here for a rest.3. 同位语从句的虚拟语气There is no suggestion that she (should) resign.4. 主语从句的虚拟语气主要体现在It做形式主语的三种情况： Its
11、 +p.p +that ； Its + adj. +that； Its + n. +that常用的动词recommand, demand, desire, order, request, require, suggest,command常用的形容词important, necessary, right, advisable, natural, strange, surprising, regretful,urgent, vital, insistent, essential常用的名词duty, pity, no surpise, no wonder, shame, regret其实这些词在句子
12、中其实也有建议命令类似的的意思Its important that you should take the medicine.Its a pity that you should refuse the invitation.Its essential that we should learn some knowledge about fist aid.Its demanded that all the students should go to the playground. It was suggested that he should join the club activities.5.
13、 It为形式宾语的情况实际上是上面形式主语的一种变形，是以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句，it后面的宾语补足语多为形容词或名词，常见词就是上面形式主语后面的那些词。I consider it vital that he (should) think deeply before acting.We think it necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.6. 某些词语如suggest, insist 等有双重含义，所以在使用的时候要注意什么时候用虚拟语气，什么时候不用虚拟语气。Her smile suggested that she was
14、in favor of the plan.We insisted that what the boy did was wrong. 虚拟语气的第三大模块指的是虚拟语气在特殊句式中的运用。句这些句式使用的虚拟语气与上面的虚拟语气会有所不同，主要有两种情况：I. would rather, Its time, for fear thatwould rather在使用时要注意它的不同用法。因为本身would rather可以直接接动词原形，构成would rather do sth. (than do sth.else); 或者would do sth. rather than do sth.els
15、e.而虚拟语气的would rather 是这样使用的would rather sb. did(对现在或将来的假设)/ had done(对过去的假设)I would rather he didnt go now.They would rather they hadnt attended the party. Its (about) (high) time (that)从句中常用过去式(有时也用should do), 含建议的意思。汉语的意思为“是该做的时候了”，也等于Its time for sb. to do sth. Its high time (that) we went home.I
16、ts high time that we (should) go home.Its high time for us to go home.for fear that 后面可以接虚拟语气should do，也可以接其他语气，但依然会有一个情态动词。I will not make a noise for fear that I should / might disturd you.II. wish+clause; as if/ though+ clause; If only这三种情况的虚拟语气有点相似。wish后的宾语从句，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，其形式主要有三种wish sb. did(对现在的
17、虚拟); wish sb. had done(对过去的虚拟); wish sb. would do (对将来的虚拟).偶尔在对过去的虚拟时，也会出现wish sb. would have done的情况。I wish I knew what was going to happen.She wished she had stayed at home.I wish I would have seen her last night.此时要注意表示语气很强时用How sb. Wish+ clause, 其用法同上。如果要用was依然换成were.How I wish I were a bird.as
18、if/ though出现的虚拟语气主要有两种情况：主句+as if/ though引导的状语从句； seem/ look/ smell +as if/ though引导的表语从句。主句+as if/ though引导的状语从句：主句+as if/ though+主语+did/ were(对现在的假设)；主句+as if/ though+主语+could/ would do(对将来的假设)；主句+as if/ though+主语+had done(对过去的假设)seem/ look/ smell等的从句情况基本上和上面一致。 She talks as if she knew everything
19、.He behaved as if nothing had happened.注意不需要用虚拟语气的情况If only引起的感叹句要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。形式为：用过去式或者would/ could do, 表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望； 用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的愿望。If only he were here!If only you would listen to our advise!If only I had not been busy last week!If only 也可以用于虚拟条件从句中，如：If only I had more money, I could buy a car!