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1、学习必备欢迎下载 一般过去时 一、一般过去时的基本构成 1、be动词的一般现在时形式：was , were 2、其他动词用过去式的形式 二、一般过去时的基本用法 1、 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如： 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。 Eg He didnt finish his homework yesterday. We visited the factory last week. 2、表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。因此在这类句子中，经常 使用 always，
2、often，once a month等表示事情发生频度的时间状语。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 * 表示过去经常性的、习惯性的动作也可以用used to do 来表示。（强调现在已 经不这样了） Eg I used to get up early in the morning. 3、有些句子，虽然没有表示过
3、去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动 作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时。 Eg I didnt know you were in Paris. 我不知道你在巴黎。 （因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只 能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.） I thought you were ill. 我以为你病了呢。 （这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病） 学习必备欢迎下载 4、wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而 一般过去时表示的动
4、作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Eg I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。 ） Christine has been an invalid all her life. （含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，
5、有可能指刚离去） 5、 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Eg Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 情态动词could, would。 Eg Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 6、特殊句型： It is time for sb. to do sth “ 到时间了 ” ；“ 该了” 。 Eg It is time for you to go to
6、 bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了 ” ；“ 早该了” ， Eg It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示“ 宁愿某人做某事 ” 。 Eg Id rather you came tomorrow. 还是明天来吧。 三、小结： 学习必备欢迎下载 与一般过去时连用的连词有： last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, the other day, at that t
7、ime, just now 等. 过去进行时 一、过去进行时的基本构成： was /were + 现在分词 二、 过去进行时的基本用法： 1、过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作，常和表示过 去时间的状语 then，at this（that） time， yesterday ，at nine，last night 等连 用。但在不少情况下，没有表示时间的状语，这时需要通过上下文来表示。 Eg What were you doing at nine last night ？昨晚九点时，你在做什么？ I called you yesterday afternoon but the
8、re was no answer. 昨天下午我打电话给你，但是没有人接电话。 I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon. 我昨天下午大部分时间，都在一个朋友家里。 We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？ My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hu
9、rt himself .我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 当我到达山顶的时候，阳光灿烂。 2、当两个一长一短的动作在过去某时间同时发生时，用过去进行时表示较长 学习必备欢迎下载 的动作。过去进行时可用于主句，也可用于从句。 Eg It was raining hard when I left my office.当我离开办公室时，雨下得正大。 Whe
10、n you called，I was eating.你打电话时，我正在吃饭。 When I was cleaning the windows ， my brother was sweeping the floor. （当）我在擦窗户的时候，我弟弟在拖地。 Some students were playing football ，while others were running round the track. 一些学生在踢足球，同时别的学生正在跑道上跑步。 We were walking along the river when （suddenly） It rained. 我们沿着河边散步，
11、突然下起雨来。 They were watching TV when the lights went out. 停电时，他们刚好在看电视。 （注意：同上例） 3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作 现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某 时间看来将要发生的动作。常用在间接引语中。 Eg He was leaving early the next morning.他第二天一早就要离开此地了。 She asked him whether he was coming back to lunch. 她问他晚饭是否准备回来吃。 4、在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发
12、生的，那么主从 句的动词都可用过去进行时。 Eg While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。(两个动作都是延续的 ) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。 (两个动作同时进行 被动语态 学习必备欢迎下载 一、被动语态在各种时态中的结构 一般现在时： be done（be 随人称变化） 一般过去时： was/were done 一般将来时： will be done 现在进行时： be being done（前面的be随人称变化
13、，后面的being 固定） 过去进行时： was/were being done（ being 固定） 现在完成时： have/has been done 过去完成时： had been done 过去将来时： would be done 将来完成时： will have been done 将来进行时： will be being done （being 固定） 将来完成进行时：will have been being done 现在完成进行时：have been being done 过去将来完成时：would have been done 过去完成进行时：had been being d
14、one 过去将来进行时：would be being done 过去将来完成进行时：would have been being done 二、被动语态的基本用法： 被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系，当主语是动作的承受者时，就需要用 到被动语态，汉语中所说的，“ 汽车被撞坏了”“钢笔被修好了” 等句子就是一种被动语 态的句子， 在汉语中常用“ 被”“由” 等词来表示这种被动语态。在英语中则用动词的被动 语态形式来表示。被动语态中还可用by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的发出者。 学习必备欢迎下载 也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态常用在下列情况。 1、不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者
15、时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。 Eg The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。 He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿一次。 The bag was put into the box. 袋子放在了箱子里。 2、为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。 Eg The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 计划已经送给校长了。 Killington was elected the President o
16、f U.S.A. 克林顿被选为美国总统。 Five people were hurt in the explosion. 五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。 A new building was set up in a short time. 新大楼短期就建成了。 3、被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下： 动作承受者+ be + 过去分词+ by + 动作执行者。 Eg The picture was praised by everybody. 照片得到了大家的好评。 The classroom was cleaned by us. 教室被我们打扫过。 The bridge was built b
17、y workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police. 小孩被警察找到了。 三、特殊现象 1、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束 ), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. Eg After the fire, very l
18、ittle remained of my house. 比较：rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 学习必备欢迎下载 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised.(对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat.(对) Please b
19、e seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一 词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2、不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to Eg This key just fits t
20、he lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3、系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn Eg It sounds good. The steel feels cold The method proved (to be ) effective. It has gone bad. 4、当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 Eg (对) She
21、likes to swim. (错 ) To swim is liked by her. 5、“ be+ 过去分词 ” 并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“ be+ 过去分词 ” 表示动作时 为被动语态， be是助动词， be 后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be + 过去分词 ” 表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be 是连系动词。be 后面的过去分词是表 语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 如果强调动作或句中有介词by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表 结构。 Eg The glass is broken 玻璃杯碎了。 （系表结构） 学习必备欢迎下载
22、The glass was broken by the boy玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态） 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。 Eg The magazine is published in Shanghai 这家杂志出版于上海。（被动语态） The door is locked 门锁着。（系表结构） The door has already/just been locked门已经 /刚刚被锁上。 （被动语态） The shop is opened这家商店开门了。 （系表结构） The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday这家商店每天上午八点
23、开门。（被动语态 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系 动词 be只有一般时态和完成时态。 Eg The machine is being repaired 机器正在修。 A new school will be built here 这里将要建一所新学校。 6、carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write 等等。这类动 词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示被 动意义。 Eg Meat cuts easily.
24、肉容易切。 His novel sells well. 他的小说畅销。 The car drove easily. 这车很容易开。 Your pen writes quite smoothly. 你的笔写起来很滑。 The coat dries easily 这种外衣容易干 The door won t lock 这门锁不上 Food can keep fresh in a fridge 食物在冰箱里能保鲜 Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得好 学习必备欢迎下载 在上述句子中，主语通常指物，起动作承受者的作用，也可以说是不及物动词的逻辑宾 语。但是有时也有用人称主语的。
25、 Eg 比较： The girl does not photograph well. 这女孩不上像。 The girl has not been photographed well. 这女孩的照片没拍好。 7、某些感觉动词的主动态表示被动意义。 Eg This shirt feels much softer than that one. 这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多 That book smells old. 那本书有一股霉味。 These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。 以上这些动词都不能用进行时表示。若用进行时，则表示主动含义。 Eg The child i
26、s smelling the paint. 小孩正在闻油漆的气味。 8、动词 get, come, go之后接过去分词，表示被动意义。get的这种用法局限于口语和非 正式的书面语言，更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意 料的偶然事件。而come和 go 常接含否定意义的过去分词。 Eg After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last. 李先生在此地无私地干了好几年，终于得到提升。 They got delayed because of the holiday tr
27、affic. 由于节日交通阻塞，他们被耽误了。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松开了。 The woman s complaints went unnoticed. 那位女士的投诉无人理睬。 9、在 need (want, require, deserve, etc.)doing 句型中， 动名词 (doing)相当于动词不定式的被 动式 (to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。 Eg The garden needs to be watered.花园需要浇水。 学习必备欢迎下载 The problem requires to be
28、studied with great care. 这个问题需要仔细研究。 These jobs want to be done at once.这些工作需要马上就做。 用法相似的结构还有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,习惯不用动词不定式。 Eg That won t bear thinking of. 那是不堪想象的。 The little girl can t stand criticizing. 小女孩经不起批评。 The food is not worth eating. 这种饭菜不值一吃。 It ” s well worth making
29、 the effort to learn how to do it. 很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这事。 值得注意的是， 在 be worth doing 句型中， 只能用动名词的主动式，而在 be worthy to be done 中，才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。 10、在某些性质形容词动词不定式的句型中，其动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 （difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe , dangerous） Eg The question is ea
30、sy to answer.这问题容易回答。 That book is difficult to understand. 那本书难懂。 在这种句型结构中，动词不定式和主语的关系实际上是一种逻辑上的动宾关系，可以说 是动词不定式作主语变换来的，相当于It ”s easy to answer the question. 和 It ”s difficult to understand that book.由于把动词宾语放在主语位置，所以和不定式的关系构成一种被动 关系。 11、有些动词不定式不论用主动形式还是被动形式，动词不定式和主语的关系都是被动的。 Eg Nobody was to blame (
31、to be blamed) for the accident. 这个事故，谁也不能责怪。 The house is to let (to be let). 这房子出租。 学习必备欢迎下载 There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有许多书要读。 Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽车出租。 12、带双宾语的动词的主动语态与被动语态 谓语动词带双宾语时，既可将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。当 用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭，要在间接宾语前补上介词to 或 for. (直 接
32、宾语指物，间接宾语指人) give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send, write, sing, find, mend, read ，show 等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，它们的句型主要有以下几个： give sth to sb. = give sb sth. buy sth for sb. = buy sb sth. sell sth to sb. = sell sb sth. Take sth to sb. = take sb sth. bring sth to sb. = bring sb sth. make
33、sth for sb. = make sb sth. hand sth to sb. = hand sb sth. Pass sth to s b. = pass sb sth. keep sth for sb. = keep sb sth. end sth to sb. = send sb sth. write sth to sb. = write sb sth. sing sth for sb. = sing sb sth. find sth for sb. = find sb sth. mend sth for sb. = mend sb sth. read sth for/to sb.
34、 = read sb sth. show sth to sb. = show sb sth. Eg He passed me some paper.( 主动 ) Some paper was passed to me by him.（被动） You must keep some fruit for him.( 主动 ) Some fruit must be kept for him. （被动） She gave me a book I was given a book A book was given to me 13、短语动词变位被动语态 许多有不及物动词和介词，副词构成的短语动词，相当于及
35、物动词，可以有宾语， 也可以变被动语态。但是短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不 可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或者副词。 学习必备欢迎下载 Eg We should speak to old men politely Old men should be spoken to politely 14、带有复合宾语的动词变为被动语态 宾语加上宾语补足语以其构成复合宾语。变被动语态直把宾语变为被动语态的主语， 宾语补足语保留在原处，变成主语补足语。 Eg I heard Jane playing the piano in her room. Jane was heard playing th
36、e piano in her room 15、被动语态后动词形式的选择 主动句中在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel ,notice 等，及使役动词let, make ,have 等后跟 省略 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符号to. Eg He makes the girl stay at home The girl is made to stay at home Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theater last Sunday.