初中英语语法网络图大全.pdf

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1、初中英语语法大全 语法网络图 一名词 I. 名词的种类: 专有名词普通名词 国名地名人名,团体 机构名称 可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词 II. 名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法 与读音规则列表如下: 规则例词 1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以 -f 或 -fe 结尾

2、的词 变 -f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加 -schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词, 变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词, 或专有 名词以 y 结尾的,加 -s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, He

3、nry-Henrys 6 以辅音 字母加 -o 结尾 的名词 一般加 -es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8以 -th 结尾的名词加-s trut

4、h-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则例词 1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police 5 部分集体名

5、词既可以作单数(整体) 也可以作复数(成员) class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 6复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关 ), times(时代 ), spirits( 情绪 ), drinks(饮料 ), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸 ), looks(外表 ), brains(头脑智力 ), greens(青菜 ) 7 表示 “某国 人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,

6、 Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改 为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名 词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分 变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示

7、所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jacks book, her son-in- laws photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smith

8、s house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾 均须加 s Japan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词 末加 s Japan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father 表示某人家店铺,所有格the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles 后名词省略 2. s所有格的用法: 表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earth s

9、atmosphere, the tree s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的 名词 the country s plan, the world s population,China s industry 4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory 5表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系 的名词 the life s time, the play s plot 7某些固定词组 a bird s eye view,

10、 a stone s throw, at one s wit s end(不知所 措) 3. of 所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法: 1指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine t

11、hat can fly. 2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3表示“每一”相当于every,oneWe study eight hours a day. 4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前, 表示不认识此人或与 某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time,

12、 in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one. 8用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法: 1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3表

13、示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过Would you mind opening the door? 的人或事 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高 级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群 岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Par

14、ty of China, the French 9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个 年代 in the 1990s 11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示 时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法: 1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名 地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有th

15、is, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐 前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land

16、7以 and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 三代词 : I. 代词可以分为以下七大类: 1 人称 代词 主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主 代词 形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, th

17、eirs 3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ litt

18、le/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和 否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得

19、到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel

20、any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必须是三个 或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no: no 等于 not

21、 any,作定语。 none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名 词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指“另外的, 别的”常与其他词连用,如: the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other wa

22、y, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, ple

23、ase give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用 neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not t

24、eachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四形容词和副词 I. 形容词: 1. 形容词的位置: 1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成 的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution p

25、ossible 3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake 4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long 5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful 6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词数词性状形容词 冠词 前的 形容 词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有 格 序数 词 基数 词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地

26、名 词 all both the a second next one four beautiful good large short new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone suchthis another your poorsquare 3) 复合形容词的构成: 1形容词 +名词 +edkind-hearted6名词 +形容词world-famous 2形容词 +形容词dark-blue7名词 +现在分词peace-loving 3形容词 +现在分词ordinary-looking8名词 +过去分词snow-covered 4副词 +现

27、在分词hard-working9数词 +名词 +edthree-egged 5副词 +过去分词newly-built10 数词 +名词twenty-year II. 副词 副词的分类: 1 时间副 词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地点副 词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6疑问副词how, where, when, why 3 方式副 词 hard, well, fast, slowly, exc

28、itedly, really 7连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副 词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8关系副词when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容 词和副词后加-er 和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。 1. 同级比较时常常用as as 以及 not so(as) as如: I am not so good a

29、player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。 3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more the more”句型。如: The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: Our scho

30、ol is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如: favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。 五介词 I. 介词分类: 1简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2合成介词in

31、side, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介 词 considering( 就而论 ), including 6 形容词转化成的 介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposit

32、e II. 常用介词区别: 1表示时间的in, on, atat 表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,on 总是与日子有关 2表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from 指从 时间的某一点开始 3表示时间的in, after in 指在一段时间之后,after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过 去时的一段时间中 4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻, to 指在某环境范围之外 5表示“在 上”的 on, inon 只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分 6 表示“穿过”的 through,

33、across through 表示从内部通过, 与 in 有关,across表示在表面上通过, 与 on 有关 7 表示“关于”的about, on about 指涉及到, on 指专门论述 8between与 among的区别between 表示在两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间 9besides与 except 的区别 besides指“除了 还有再加上”,except 指“除了,减去什 么”,不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with 表示具体的工具,in 表示材料, 方式,方法, 度量,单位, 语言,声音 11 as与 like 的区别 as意为“作为,以地位或身份”,like 为“象 一样”,指 情形相似 12 in 与 into 区别 in 通常表示位置(静态),into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位 置 六动词 I. 动词的时态: 1. 动词的时态一共有16 种,以 ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时

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