初二初中英语句子成分讲解_练习及答案.pdf

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1、1 句子成分及基本句型 一、 考点、热点回顾 【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补 足语 等。 （一）主语 ：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么” 或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式 或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首 。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语） （4）To swim in Kunming

2、 Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式作主语） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语） （二）谓语 说明主语 “做什么”“是什么” 或“怎么样” 。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词 。谓语和 主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面 。 如： His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） We study hard. （行为动词作谓语） We don t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） He can speak Engl

3、ish. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语） （三）宾语 宾语是 动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词 一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后 。 She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语） She says （ that）she is ill. （宾语从句作动词宾语） We often help him.（代词作宾语） He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语） We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。 （动名词短语作宾语） 说明 1：宾语是及物

4、动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或 动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动 词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明 2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的 直接对象，直接宾语指物 ，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人 。间接宾语一般 放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。 如：give, show（给 , 看） ， bring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a

5、story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“ to”或“ for” 。 间接宾语前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse （拒 绝）等。 2 间接宾语加“for”的有： make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令） , sing, pay 等 （1）I give him a book. 改成：

6、（2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。 ）改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （ 4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （ 5）She is making me a cake. 改成： （四）宾语补足语 在宾语后面 补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为 宾语补足语 。名词、形容词、副词、 介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如： They make her happy.（形容词） I see her dance.（不定式） We ll help you to

7、 make the Olympics a success.（名词） Please let him in.（副词） We heard her singing a song.（分词短语） （五）表语 表语说明主语“是什么 ”或者“ 怎么样 ” ，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或 形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如： I am a teacher.（名词） He is always happy.（形容词） They are on the playground now. （介词短语） It gets cold.（形容词） Be 动词（ am，is，are, was, wer

8、e） 系动词表保持（ keep, stay, remain） 表改变（ get， become， turn） 感官动词 （feel，sound （听起来），seem/look （看起来），taste （尝起来），smell （闻起来） 如： It sounds interesting.（sound 为系动词， interesting 为表语） We should all remain careful. Remain （为系动词，careful 为表语） （六）定语 定语是用来 修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的 词或短语等。 单个词 作定语时，通常放在

9、它所修饰的名词之前。 如： The black bike is mine. （形容词） What s your name?（代词） They make paper flowers. （名词） 说明 1：当定语 修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语 在不定代词后面。 如： I tell him something interesting. （形容词interesting 作不定代词something 的后置定语） He has something to do. （to do 为不定式作后置定语） 说明 2：短语或从句作定语时，也

10、放在被修饰的名词之后。 如： The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room 是介词短语作the boys 的后置定语。 ） 3 （七）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由 副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、 句中。 如： He did it carefully. （副词） We often help him. （副词） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介词短

11、语） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. （从句作时间状语） He sits there.（副词地点状语） 【简单句的五种基本句型】 A. 主语 +不及物动词 (主谓 ) 如： The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise 和 stop 都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。 B. 主语 +及物动词 +宾语 (主谓宾 ) 如： I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. C. 主语 +系动词 +

12、表语 (主系表 ) 如： Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.（feel 为系动词，表示感到, ） It gets dark.天黑了。（get 为系动词，表示变得） Tom looks ill. Tom 看上去病了。（look 为系动词，表示看上去，看起来） D. 主语 +及物动词 +双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）(主谓 +直宾 +间宾 ) 如： He gives Tom a present.（双宾语）他给汤姆一件礼物。 Mother make a new dress for me.（双宾语）妈妈为我做了一件衣服。 E. 主语 +及物动词 +宾语 +宾语

13、补足语 (主 +谓+宾+宾补 ) 如： They call her Mary. （宾补）他们叫她Mary 。 We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补）我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。 二、 典型例题 写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book ver

14、y much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane s sister. 6. She didn t come to my party because she was ill. 4 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Childre n s Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to scho

15、ol early. 三、 课后练习 (一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother doesnt do his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words do you learn ? A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B

16、C D (二) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man is feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D Soon They all become interested in the subject. A B C D She is the first to learn about it. A B C D (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D W

17、hat is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D （四 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 5 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D He asks he

18、r to take the boy out of school. A B C D She find it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D (五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There is a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D He began to learn English when h

19、e was eleven. A B C D The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast. A B C D With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A B C D 典型例题答案 一.写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. 主，谓，宾，状2. 定，状 3. 表4. 谓，宾，状 5. 定，定6. 谓，状 7. 谓，宾，状8. 谓，状 9. 表10. 表 11. 定，表12. 状，状 课后练习 ( 三) D D B A B ( 四) D B D C B ( 五) C C A B B (

20、 六) C C C C D ( 七 ) D A D D A ( 八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语 初中英语语法宾语从句讲解，专项练习及答案 宾语从句小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； 6 陈述句转化that 引，一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、基本讲解 1概念 :在句中担当宾语的从

21、句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. ( 动词宾语 ) He asks him how long Mike has been down . ( 动词宾语 ) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. ( 介词宾语 ) 2.连接词 (1) .陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that,口语中常常省略。 e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us. (2)以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引

22、导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从 句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei . 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 a. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if eg, We are talking about whether well go on the pinic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或not 连用时，只用whether. eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me wh

23、ether u go or not? c. if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether. (3).特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词；引导词后要用陈述句语序。 E.g. Could you tell me whats the matterwrong with you? 特殊情况：当do you think 后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构应为引导词do you think陈述句语序。 3.宾语从句时态 a.当主句是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句时，从句不受主句的限制，根据自身的需要选用相应的时 态。例如： Do you know（if/whether h

24、e has seen the film）? b.当主句是一般过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态。例如： I didnt know （ if/whether he had seen the film.） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要 用一般现在时。例如： He said （ that the earth moves round the sun.） The teacher told us （that light travels much faster than sound. ） 4.、人称的变化和标点的使用 7 a.从句的主语如果是第一人称

25、，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾 语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：(一主二宾三不变) “ May I use your knife ？” He asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife. “ Do you know her telephone number ？” He asked me. He asked me if I know her telephone number. b. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如： Who will give us a talk?

26、I don t know. I don t know who will give us a talk. Do you know？Where does he live? Do you know where he lives? 二、宾语从句的转化 1.2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree 等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时， 从句可简化为不定式结构。如： She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths. 2.当主句的谓语动词是k

27、now, learn, forget, remember, decide 等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从 句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成“ 疑问词不定式结构” 。例如： I dont know which sweater I should buy. I dont know which sweater to buy. 3.当主句的谓语动词是ask， tell, show, teach等后面带双宾语时，从句的主语和间接宾语一致，且从句 是由特殊疑问句转化来时，从句可以转化成“ 疑问词不定式结构” ,或者在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从 句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简

28、化为“ 连接代词 /副词不定式” 结构。 如： Could you tell me how to get to the park? 4. 当主句谓语动词是find，see ，watch，hear 等感官动词时，从句常简化为“ 宾语宾补 ” 结构，宾补 为不带 to 的不定式或V-ing 形式。如： She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground. 宾语从句专项习题 巩固练习 1.Have you decided _for Australia?

29、A. when will you leave B. when do you leave C. you will leave when D. when you will leave 2.Can you tell me _ ? A. where does Tom live B. where Tom lived C. Tom lives where D. where Tom lives 3.The old man asked me _ . A. where was the cinema B. where is the cinema C. where the cinema was D. where w

30、as the way to the cinema 4.I think _ you will like him. A. that B. if C. why D. how 5.I didn t know _ he will come or not. A. that B. whether C. weather D. how 6.I wonder _ . A. how much cost these shoes B. how much do these shoes cost C. how much these shoes cost D. how much are these shoes cost 7.

31、She asked me _ . A. who he was B. who was he C. who is he D. who he is 8.Ask him _. 8 A. whose cup this is B. whose cup is this C. this is whose cup D. whose is this cup 9.I don t know _ . A. what time the movie starts B. what time starts the movie C. the time to start the movie D. the movie what ti

32、me starts 10.The doctor asked me how long _ . A. was I ill B. have I been ill C. I have been ill D. I had been ill 11.The weather forecast doesn t say _. A. if it rains tomorrow B. if does it rain tomorrow C. if it will rain tomorrow D. if will it rain tomorrow 12.Do you know _? A. whose pen is this

33、 B. whose pen this is C. whom does the pen belong to D. whom the pen belong to 13.Could you tell me where _? A. the tape was B. was the tape C. the tape is D. is the tape 14.They want to know _? A. where is the hospital B. how old are you C. when the train will leave D. why is the boy crying 15.Tony

34、 wanted to know _. A. what had Father Christmas put in his stocking B. when Father Christmas had put in his stocking C. what Father Christmas had put in his stocking D. where Father Christmas had put in his stocking 16.No one knows _ the professor will come to our school tomorrow to give us a talk o

35、r not. A. when B. whether C. where D. if 17.July didn t know_. A. where is Tim s father B. when was the first watch made C. who the old man is D. what was wrong with her watch 18.No one told us _, so we need your help. A. how should we do B. what we should do C. what to do D. what should we do 19.We

36、 don t know _ with the rubbish and it pollutes out land and sea. A. how do it B. how to do C. what do it D. what to do 20.He asked me _. A. whether I find out the sender of the money B. whether did I find out the sender of the money C. whether the sender of the money found out D. whether I found out

37、 the sender of the money 21. Did you hear _? A. what did I say B. what I said C. I said what D. what I say 22. Can you tell me _? A. which class you are in B. which class are you in C. you are in which class D. are you in which class 23. -Excuse me. Could you tell me _? - Certainly. A. when can I ge

38、t to the station B. I can get to which station C. which station can I get to D. how I can get to the station 24. Could you tell me where _ yesterday? A. did you go B. you go C. you have gone D. you went 25. Tom asked me _. A. whose shirt was this B. whose shirt this was C. who shirt was this D. who

39、shirt this was 26. Excuse me, could you tell me _? A. where s the teachers office B. where s the bus station C. what s she doing D. where the post office is 27. I want to see Mrs. Wang , but I don t know _. A. she lives where B. she where lives C. where she lives D. where does she live 28. - Go and

40、ask Mr. White for help. - But I don t know _. 9 A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where is he living D. he lives there 29. - Can you tell me _? - Yes, he lives in a small town. A. where he lives B. who is singing C. when he will leave D. what he said 30. Have you decided _ for London? A. wh

41、en will you leave B. when you will leave C. when are you going D. when you are going 31. Excuse me. Could you tell me _our tickets? A. where do we show B. where shall we show C. where did we show D. where we shall show 32. - What are you interested in about cooking food? - We are all interested in _

42、. A. how egg is fried B. how is egg fried C. How egg fries D. how does egg fry 33. Do you know _? A. what it is B. what is it C. who is he D. whose name is it 34. Do you know _? A. whose book is this B. whose book this is C. this book is whose D. who s book this is 35. I don t know _ now. A. where i

43、s my cat B. my cat is where C. where my cat is D. where my cat 36. Does he know _? A. what s your name B. what name is your C. what your is name D. what your name is 37. Do you know _? A. which floor he lives B. which floor he lives on C. he lives on which floor D. which floor does he lives on 38. T

44、ell me where _? A. is the hospital B. the hospital is C. is hospital D. hospital is 39. He hasn t decided _. A. if he ll go on a trip to Wu xi B. when will he go on a trip to Wu xi C. if he goes on a trip to Wu xi D. when does he go on a trip to Wu xi 40. Can you see _? A. what he s reading B. what

45、is he reading C. what does he read D. he reads what 点击中考 1. Some of my friends are interesting in science, but none of them can tell _. . A. when UFOs will appear next time B. why do horses know the way C. where was this kind of plant found D. how do elephants communicate 2. -What time will Mr. Brow

46、n be back to China? - Sorry. I don t know _. . A. when did he go abroad B. why he is going abroad C. how soon will he be back D. how long he will stay abroad 3. -May I come in ? I m sorry I am late. -Come in, please. But could you please tell me _. ? A. why you are late again B. what were you doing

47、then C. who you talked with D. how do you come to school 4. -Could you please tell me _. ? -Bus No.32 will take you right there. A. where is Henan Museum B. what Henan Museum is like C. how can I get to Henan Museum D. which bus I shall take to Henan Museum 5. Peter says that the Whites are on holid

48、ay, but no one knows _. . A. where they have been B. where are they C. where are they from D. where they have gone 6. -Do you know _. the Capital Museum? -Next Friday. A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited 7. He wanted to know _.the English party. A. when will we have B. when we will have C. when would we have D. when we would have 8. I want to