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1、毕 业 设 计（论文） 外 文 文 献 翻 译 文献、资料中文题目：钢筋混凝土结构设计 文献、资料英文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院 （部）： 专业：土木工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14 毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目：DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 原文： DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1. BASIC C
2、ONCERPTS AND CHARACERACTERISTICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE Plain concrete is formed from hardened mixture of cement, water , fine aggregate , coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel ) , air and often other admixtures . The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to accelera
3、te of the chemical hydration of hen cement mix and results in a hardened concrete. It is generally known that concrete has high compressive strength and low resistance to tension. Its tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile reinforcement in the
4、tension zone has to be provided to supplement the tensile strength of the reinforced concrete section. For example, a plain concrete beam under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig . 1.1(a), when the distributed load increases and reaches a value q=1.37KN/m , the tensile region at the mid-
5、span will be cracked and the beam will fail suddenly . A reinforced concrete beam if the same size but has to steel reinforcing bars (216) embedded at the bottom under a uniformly distributed load q is shown in Fig.1.1(b). The reinforcing bars take up the tension there after the concrete is cracked.
6、 When the load q is increased, the width of the cracks, the deflection and the stress of steel bars will increase . When the steel approaches the yielding stress ?y , the deflection and the cracked width are so large offering some warning that the compression zone . The failure load q=9.31KN/m, is a
7、pproximately 6.8 times that for the plain concrete beam. Concrete and reinforcement can work together because there is a sufficiently strong bond between the two materials, there are no relative movements of the bars and the surrounding concrete cracking. The thermal expansion coefficients of the tw
8、o materials are 1.210-5K-1 for steel and 1.010-51.5 10-5K-1 for concrete . Generally speaking, reinforced structure possess following features : Durability .With the reinforcing steel protected by the concrete , reinforced concrete Fig.1.1Plain concrete beam and reinforced concrete beam Is perhaps o
9、ne of the most durable materials for construction .It does not rot rust , and is not vulnerable to efflorescence . (2)Fire resistance .Both concrete an steel are not inflammable materials .They would not be affected by fire below the temperature of 200 when there is a moderate amount of concrete cov
10、er giving sufficient thermal insulation to the embedded reinforcement bars. (3)High stiffness .Most reinforced concrete structures have comparatively large cross sections .As concrete has high modulus of elasticity, reinforced concrete structures are usually stiffer than structures of other material
11、s, thus they are less prone to large deformations, This property also makes the reinforced concrete less adaptable to situations requiring certain 1.37kn/m 6m 200 400 (a)plain concrete beam 9.31kn/m 6m 200 400 (b)Reinfoced concrete beam 216 flexibility, such as high-rise buildings under seismic load
12、, and particular provisions have to be made if reinforced concrete is used. (4)Locally available resources. It is always possible to make use of the local resources of labour and materials such as fine and coarse aggregates. Only cement and reinforcement need to be brought in from outside provinces.
13、 (5)Cost effective. Comparing with steel structures, reinforced concrete structures are cheaper. (6)Large dead mass, The density of reinforced concrete may reach 24002500kg/m3.Compare with structures of other materials, reinforced concrete structures generally have a heavy dead mass. However, this m
14、ay be not always disadvantageous, particularly for those structures which rely on heavy dead weight to maintain stability, such as gravity dam and other retaining structure. The development and use of light weight aggregate have to a certain extent make concrete structure lighter. (7)Long curing per
15、iod It normally takes a curing period of 28 day under specified conditions for concrete to acquire its full nominal strength. This makes the progress of reinforced concrete structure construction subject to seasonal climate. The development of factory prefabricated members and investment in metal fo
16、rmwork also reduce the consumption of timber formwork materials. (8)Easily cracked. Concrete is weak in tension and is easily cracked in the tension zone. Reinforcing bars are provided not to prevent the concrete from cracking but to take up the tensile force. So most of the reinforced concrete stru
17、cture in service is behaving in a cracked state. This is an inherent is subjected to a compressive force before working load is applied. Thus the compressed concrete can take up some tension from the load. 2. HISTOEICAL DEVELPPMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE Although concrete and its cementitious(volcani
18、c) constituents, such as pozzolanic ash, have been used since the days of Greek, the Romans, and possibly earlier ancient civilization, the use of reinforced concrete for construction purpose is a relatively recent event, In 1801, F. Concrete published his statement of principles of construction, re
19、cognizing the weakness if concrete in tension, The beginning of reinforced concrete is generally attributed to Frenchman J. L. Lambot, who in 1850 constructed, for the first time, a small boat with concrete for exhibition in the 1855 World s Fair in Paris. In England, W. B. Wilkinson registered a pa
20、tent for reinforced concrete l=floor slab in 1854.J.Monier, a French gardener used metal frames as reinforcement to make garden plant containers in 1867. Before 1870, Monier had taken a series of patents to make reinforced concrete pipes, slabs, and arches. But Monier had no knowledge of the working
21、 principle of this new material, he placed the reinforcement at the mid-depth of his wares. Then little construction was done in reinforced concrete. It is until 1887, when the German engineers Wayss and Bauschinger proposed to place the reinforcement in the tension zone, the use of reinforced concr
22、ete as a material of construction began to spread rapidly. In1906, C. A. P. Turner developed the first flat slab without beams. Before the early twenties of 20th century, reinforced concrete went through the initial stage of its development, Considerable progress occurred in the field such that by 1
23、910 the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete, the Austrian Concrete Committee, the American Concrete Institute, and the British Concrete Institute were established. Various structural elements, such as beams, slabs, columns, frames, arches, footings, etc. were developed using this material. Howe
24、ver, the strength of concrete and that of reinforcing bars were still very low. The common strength of concrete at the beginning of 20th century was about 15MPa in compression, and the tensile strength of steel bars was about 200MPa. The elements were designed along the allowable stresses which was
25、an extension of the principles in strength of materials. By the late twenties, reinforced concrete entered a new stage of development. Many buildings, bridges, liquid containers, thin shells and prefabricated members of reinforced concrete were concrete were constructed by 1920. The era of linear an
26、d circular prestressing began Reinforced concrete, because of its low cost and easy availability, has become the staple material of construction all over the world. Up to now, the quality of concrete has been greatly improved and the range of its utility has been expanded. The design approach has al
27、so been innovative to giving the new role for reinforced concrete is to play in the world of construction. The concrete commonly used today has a compressive strength of 2040MPa. For concrete used in pre-stressed concrete the compressive strength may be as high as 6080MPa. The reinforcing bars commo
28、nly used today has a tensile strength of 400MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength of prestressing wire may reach 15701860Pa. The development of high strength concrete makes it possible for reinforced concrete to be used in high-rise buildings, off-shore structures, pressure vessels, etc. In order t
29、o reduce the dead weight of concrete structures, various kinds of light concrete have been developed with a density of 14001800kg/m3. With a compressive strength of 50MPa, light weight concrete may be used in load bearing structures. One of the best examples is the gymnasium of the University of Ill
30、inois which has a span of 122m and is constructed of concrete with a density of 1700kg/m3. Another example is the two 20-story apartment houses at the Xi-Bian-Men in Beijing. The walls of these two buildings are light weight concrete with a density of 1800kg/m3. The tallest reinforced concrete build
31、ing in the world today is the 76-story Water Tower Building in Chicago with a height of 262m. The tallest reinforced concrete building in China today is the 63-story International Trade Center in GuangZhou with a height a height of 200m. The tallest reinforced concrete construction in the world is t
32、he 549m high International Television Tower in Toronto, Canada. He prestressed concrete T-section simply supported beam bridge over the Yellow River in Luoyang has 67 spans and the standard span length is 50m. In the design of reinforced concrete structures, limit state design concept has replaced t
33、he old allowable stresses principle. Reliability analysis based on the probability theory has very recently been introduced putting the limit state design on a sound theoretical foundation. Elastic-plastic analysis of continuous beams is established and is accepted in most of the design codes. Finit
34、e element analysis is extensively used in the design of reinforced concrete structures and non-linear behavior of concrete is taken into consideration. Recent earthquake disasters prompted the research in the seismic resistant reinforced of concrete structures. Significant results have been accumula
35、ted. 3. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE COURSE Reinforced concrete is a widely used material for construction. Hence, graduates of every civil engineering program must have, as a minimum requirement, a basic understanding of the fundamentals of reinforced concrete. The course of Reinforced Concrete Design r
36、equires the prerequisite of Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials, and some if not all, of Theory of Structures, In all these courses, with the exception of Strength of Materials to some extent, a structure is treated of in the abstract. For instance, in the theory of rigid frame analysis, al
37、l members have an abstract EI/l value, regardless of what the act value may be. But the theory of reinforced concrete is different, it deals with specific materials, concrete and steel. The values of most parameters must be determined by experiments and can no more be regarded as some abstract. Addi
38、tionally, due to the low tensile strength of concrete, the reinforced concrete members usually work with cracks, some of the parameters such as the elastic modulus I of concrete and the inertia I of section are variable with the loads. The theory of reinforced concrete is relatively young. Although great progress has been made, the theory is still empirical in nature in stead of rational. Many formulas can not be derived from a few propositions, and may cause some difficulties for students. Besides, due to the difference in practice in different countries, most