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1、标准实用 文案大全 2016 高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳 一、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ） ，定冠词（ the ） ，和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3 表示“每一”相当于every ，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或
2、与某名人 有类似性质的人或事 Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? Sorry, wrong number. There isnt_ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room
3、 is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success( 抽象名词 ) a success(具体化 )成功 的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II. 定冠词的用法 1 表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, _ bi
4、cycle is still _ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 标准实用 文案大全 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的 人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于演奏乐器play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the w
5、ounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的 不定冠词用法5） Could you tell me the way to _ Johnsons, please? Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级 前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛 的名词前 the United States, the Communist Pa
6、rty of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年 代 in the 1990s( 二十世纪九十年代) 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词He patted me on the shoulder. III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名 地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, a
7、ir 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐 前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went righ
8、t round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ 标准实用 文案大全 continent. A. the; the B.不填； theC. the; 不 填 D. 不填；不填 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 二、 名词和主谓一致 I. 名词的种类 专有名词普通名词 国名地名人名，团体 机构名称 可数名词不可数名词 个体名词集体名词抽象名词
9、物质名词 特别注意 : 名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例句意义名词性质 She held some flowers in her hand. The trees are now in flower 花儿个体名词 开花抽象名词 Youth is beautiful. He is a youth of twenty 青春抽象名词 年轻人个体名词 They have achieved remarkable success in their work. How about the Christmas evening party? I should say it was a succ
10、ess. 成功抽象名词 成功的事个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例句意义名词性质 Iron is a kind of metal. Please lend me your iron. 铁物质名词 熨斗个体名词 He broke a piece of glass. He broke a glass. 玻璃物质名词 玻璃杯个体名词 I bought a chicken this morning Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡个体名词 鸡肉物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象 名词加用与某些动词 （如： have 等）连 用，
11、表示某一次短暂 的动作 I d like_information about the management of your hotel,please. Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽 象名词） 标准实用 文案大全 A.a B.an C./ D.the Could we have word before you go to th
12、e meeting? 话 （个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类 例 ： have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance( 进 步 )/make an early start(早点出发 )/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain( 发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽 象名词转换为普通名 词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 Many peopl
13、e agree that_knowledge of English is a must in_international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知 识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) If there were no examination, we should have_at school. A.the happiest t
14、ime B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通 名词可用来表示“一 次、一阵、一种”具 体的行为、事件、现 象或结果。这时名词 前往往有形容词修饰 Oh, John. _you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise
15、 She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子： The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise It is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an
16、unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式， 一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es（参看有关语法书） 。 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 III. 主谓一致 规则例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 标准实用 文案大全 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glass
17、es, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体） 也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs( 海关 ), forces(军队 ), times(时代 ), spirits(情绪 ), drinks(饮料 ), sands(沙
18、滩 ), papers( 文件报纸), manners(礼貌 ), looks(外 表 ), brains(头 脑 智 力 ), greens(青 菜 ), ruins(废墟 ) 7 表示“某 国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或 -woman 结尾的 改为 -men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, looker
19、s-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部 分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants 规 则 情况举例 语 法 一 致 原 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名 词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用 单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the
20、sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由 what 引导的主语从句， 后面的谓语动词多 数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主 句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. 由连接词 and 或 both and 连接起来的主 语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若 所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面
21、的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语 动词要用单数形式。either, neither, Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us ha
22、s a new book. Is everyone here today? 标准实用 文案大全 则 each, every 或 no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都 作单数看待。 . Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的 谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复 数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to Ame
23、rica. 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时， 其谓语动词的数应与 句中先行词的数一致。 Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we wh
24、o are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语 动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成 员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他 的一家 ) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are
25、 unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） 由 a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+ 名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数 +名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词 的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in
26、our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似 的用法（用复数） ，但 the number of +复数 名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数） 。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 在倒装句中， 谓语动词的数应与其后的主 语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many picture
27、s. Such is the result. Such are the facts. 标准实用 文案大全 Between the two hills stands a monument. 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 What, who, which, any, more, all 等 代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠 意思来决定。 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. A
28、ll is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这 是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整 体。 Thirty minutes is enough for the work Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用 复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的 复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 The U
29、nited States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights ” is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接 复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数 形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 一 些 学 科 名 词 是 以 -ics结 尾 ， 如 ： mathematics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的 名词，实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数
30、形 式。 The paper works was built in 1990.这家 造纸厂建于1990 年。 I dont think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀 ) 等词作主语时，谓语用 复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被 a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his. “定冠词the+ 形容词或分词”
31、，表示某一 类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时， 动词用单数。 The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 就 近 / 远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时， 谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致, 即就近 一致。 Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right
32、. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决 于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接 的两个主语， 则应与靠近的那个主语保持 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the 标准实用 文案大全 一致，即就近一致。room. 主 语 后 面 跟 有with, together with, except, but, like, a
33、s well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致， 即就远一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is ve
34、ry tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it. 三、代词 I. 代词可以分为以下八大类 1 人称代 词 主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 形容词性物 主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性物主 代词 mine, yours, his, he
35、rs, its, ours, theirs 2 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 3 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 4 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 5 关系代词 / 连接代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 6 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every,
36、none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 7 相互代词each other,one another 标准实用 文案大全 II. 不定代词用法注意点 类别区别例句 one, some， any 和 it one可以泛指人或者事 （东 西） ，其复数为ones We ve been looking at the houses but haven t found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do
37、 cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those some可用于疑问句中，表 示盼望得到肯定的答复， 或者表示建议，请求等 Your coffee smells great! It s from MexicoWould you like _? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle some 和 any 修饰可数名 词单数时，some表示某个， any 表示任何一个 I have read this article
38、in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either one 指同类中的一个，it 指代同一种类的东西。此 外 it还可以作形式主语、 形式宾语和用于强调句型 中。 There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, I d rat
39、her buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句 Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _. A.non
40、e B.either C.any D.each He doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some 标准实用 文案大全 D. much each 和 every each 强调个别，代表的数 可以是两个或两个以上， 而 every 强调整体，所指 的数必须是三个或三个以 上 Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. Every stu
41、dent has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. none 和 no no 等于 not any，作定语。 none 作主语或宾语，代替 不可数名词， 谓语用单数， 代替可数名词，谓语单复 数皆可以 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. other和 another
42、 other泛指“另外的，别 的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other week, someother reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的 另 外 一 个 ， 复 数 为the others Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. an
43、other指“又一个，另 一个”无所指， 复数形式是others ，泛指 “别的人或 事” We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun ，so let s have _ one this month A the other B some C another Dother The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. either和 neither
44、前者意思为：两者都（两 者中任何一方都） ； 后 者意思为：两者都 Do you want tea or coffee? _, I really dont mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. all It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 四、形容词和副词 标准实用 文案大全 I. 形容词 1. 形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在
45、下列情况下后置 1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级 或 only 修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语 时后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long
46、 5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with 7 enough 修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰 形容词或副词时要后置 _to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students C.Students brave enough D.Students enou
47、gh brave 注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类 别往后靠。 规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小） + shape （形状） + age （年 龄、时间）+ color （颜色） + origin （国籍、 来源）+ material （材料） + purpose （目的） + 名词。 This _ girl is Lindas cousin. (05北京卷 ) A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish
48、pretty little D. little pretty Spanish 2. 复合形容词的构成 1 形容词 +名词 +ed kind-hearted 6 名词 +形容词world-famous 2 形容词 +形容词dark-blue 7 名词 +现在分词peace-loving 3 形容词 +现在分词ordinary-looki ng 8 名词 +过去分词snow-covered 4 副词 +现在分词hard-working 9 数词 +名词 +ed three-egged 5 副词 +过去分词newly-built 10 数词 +名词twenty-year 3. 形容词（短语）作伴随状语 As he looked at the goat, it rolled over, dead . 当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个 身，死了。 Afraid of difficulties, they prefe