专升本英语语法与词汇.pdf

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1、专升本英语语法与词汇. 第一章时态 英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成 的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。 现以动词do 为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下： 一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态 现 在 do does am is are doing have has done have has been doing 过 去 did was were doing had done had been doing 将 来 shall will do shall will be doing shall w

2、ill have done shall will have been doing 过 去 将 来 would do would be doing would have done would have been doing 一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense) 1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态等 , 常与 often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。 【例句】 The earth revolves around th

3、e sun. The students get up at six thirty every morning. 2.表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作, 常使用 arrive, be, go, start, stay 等动词。 【例句】 There is a dancing party tonight. The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon. 3.用在以 as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, the minute, immed

4、iately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provided that 等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。 【例句】 I ll ring you as so on as he comes back. If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming. The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed. 注： if 条件句中，有will 出现时， will 是情态动词，意义为“愿意”， “肯”。 二、

5、一般过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense) 一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期内的动作或状态, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。 常与表明过去时间的状语连用,如 yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 1990, 或由 when 或 while 等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。 【例句】 We met him last week. Where did you live when you were young? He used to do fourteen hours a day. 提示：一般过去时不强

6、调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。 三、一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense) 一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习 惯性的动作。 【例句】 We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic. The students will have five English classes per week this term. 提示：表示将来时态的其他形式与用法： 1

7、“be going to + 动词原形”表示（能看出迹象）很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事。 It is going to rain. 2 “be to +动词原形”表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事。 They are to meet in front of the hall. You are not to bring any materials to the exam room. 3 “be about to + 动词原形”表示即将发生的或正要做的事。 The conference is about to begin. 4“be +现在分词” 有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作，但仅适用于

8、少数的一些动词（如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等）而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。 My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow. 提示：在美国英语中第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形” 四、现在进行时（The Present Continuous Tense） 现在进行时表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。但表示后一种情况时，动作此刻不一定正在 进行。 【例句】 We are making an experiment now. Steve is studying Chinese in Beijin

9、g. 另外，现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。 【例句】 He is always cooking some delicious food for her family. He is always finding fault with his employees. 提示：并非所有动词都有进行时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进行时，除非这类动 词的词义发生变化。这类动词有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think（认为） , feel, seem 等。 【例句】 Do you see anyone over there? Are you s

10、eeing someone off? （see off 意为“为送行” ） 五、过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某阶段内正在发生或反复发生的动 作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。 【例句】 We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon. She was writing a composition when you came in. Bill was coughing all ni

11、ght long . 六、将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense) 将来进行时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作。 【例句】 I ll b e reading this time tomorrow. Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. 七、现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense) 现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生，现在仍延 续着的动作或情况。经常与for+ 一段时间或与since（+时间一点）

12、引导的短语或从句连用，也可 与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up to now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/past few years等。 【例句】 We have been to Shanghai once. They have already finished the task. He has studied English for more than 10 years . He has studied

13、English since 1991/ since he was twelve . So far everything has been successful. 八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense) 过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上 ,它属于“过去的过去” 。 在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语，如by, before 等介词或连 词引导的短语或状语从句。 【例句】 By the end of the war , the small workshop had become a large factory. The

14、plane had taken off before we got to the airport . They found that a stream had formed in the field. 提示：在由after, as soon as, before 等连词引导状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身已明确 动作发生的次序，所以，这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示，不一定用过去完成时。 【例句】 Students went out after the bell rang . I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arri

15、ved here . 提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that 句型中， that 后的从句谓语用 现在/过去完成时。 【例句】 Is it the first time youve visited the city? That was the second time that Id visited England that year. 九、将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense) 将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作，也可以用来表示推测。 【例句】 By this time next year they will

16、have built a hotel here. Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station. 十、现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense) 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止， 也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进行的动作。 【例句】 They have been working for IBM for 15 years. I have been waiting for an hour but she s

17、till hasnt come. 有些动词如play, stay, study, teach, wait 等，在表示一直继续到现在的动作时，可以用现在 完成进行时，或用现在完成时。 Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old. 提示：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是：前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。 后者强调动作的延续性。 【例句】 I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。 I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件

18、事。 十一、考点 考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时，时间或 条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。针对这类题目， 考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语， 判断是现在时间、 将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？其次要考虑主从句动作的 先后问题。空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同时发生，据此判断正确 的时态。 时态一致问题 时态一致主要指主从复合句中，从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；当主句谓 语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动 词则要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语

19、从句和间接引语中，如： 【例句】 Will you tell me who set the record? I hadn t expected that you would come so early. She said that she hadnt recognized me. 但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时，则 可以不作任何时态调整，如： Copernicus put forward that the sun, instead of the earth, is the center of the universe. 1.第二章语态 语态 (Vo

20、ice)是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种：主动语态 (Active Voice)和被动语态 (Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表 示主语是谓语动作的承受者。 一、被动语态的形式： 由“ be（助动词） +过去分词（及物动词）”构成。 Be 随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同 而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表（以provide 为例）： 一般时态进行时态完成时态 现在 am is are provided am is are being provided has have been provided 过去 was were pr

21、ovided was were being provided had been provided 将来 shall will be provided shall will have been provided 过去 将来 would be provided would have been provided 提示 : 被动语态没有完成进行和将来进行时态。 二、被动语态的用法： 1当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时 【例句】 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. A lecture on English literature will be

22、given tonight. 2为了强调动作的承受者 【例句】 Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 3为了修辞的需要 【例句】 He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by

23、the President. 提示 : 1除及物动词外， 一些相当于及物动词的短语动词如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of 等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割的一部分，一般不拆开使用。 This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma). 2不及物动词（或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词）和表示状态的动词（或短语动词） 无被动态形式，如：happe

24、n, rise, occur, take place, break out等;以及 lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。 The story happened in 1949. The committee consists of ten members. 3将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy，give，send，show， teach，tell，write 等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保 持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。

25、 主动句： We teach the students English in a new way. 被动句： The students are taught English in a new way. English is taught to the students in a new way. 三、考点 在历年考试中，被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现，都是与时态，虚拟语气，非谓语 动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意下列几种特殊的被动情况： 1形式主动但意义被动的动词 一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类动词有sell, read, wash, wear, cut, s

26、pread, iron, open, peel 等。 【例句】 His new book is selling badly. The shop doesnt open on Sundays. These oranges peel well. 2主动不定式代替被动不定式 1) 当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时，主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形 式表被动意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous 等之后。 【例句】 Mary is easy to te

27、ach. His theory is difficult to understand . The river is dangerous to bathe in . 2)to blame（为发生的某种坏事承担责任）常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义。 【实例】 Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪。 The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass. A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C ) （2002.1） 3以主动

28、的动名词形式表示被动含义。 1) 这一用法主要出现在表示“需要”的动词 need, want, require 之后，多数情况下由事物 充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动的不定式 替代，而句子含义没有差别。 【实例】 The floor requires washing/ to be washed. The house wanted repairing , unless he decided to move to the country. The patient will need looking after . Your hair wants _.

29、Youd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut ( C ) (1997.6) 2) 在形容词worth（值得做某事，有做某事的价值）之后，并且worth 后的动词与句子主 语之间有动宾关系。 【实例】 The book is worth reading. What a lovely party! Its worth _ all my life. A. remembering B. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A

30、) (2002.6) 名词性从句 名词性从句 (the noun clause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称，主要包括主语从 句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词that，if ， whether；连接代词who，whoever，whom，whomever ，which ，whichever ，what，whatever，whose； 连接副词where，when，why ，how。其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法 成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分。 【例句】 That Owen should

31、have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引导主语从句) The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party. (that 引导表语从句) I don t know if he will attend the meeting. (that 引导宾语从句) Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息 了吗 ?(that 引导同位语从句) 一、主语从句 主语从句主要有三类：what 等代

32、词引导的主语从句；由连词that 引导的主语从句；由连接 代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。 1第一类主语从句的关联词what，实际上已成为关系代词(= the thing that)，它所引导的 主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what 外， whatever 也可引出主语从句，含有强调 语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。 【例句】 They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他们 在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开始降临。(what 在从句中作主语

33、) Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 无论我们取得什么成 绩都归功于老师的教导。(whatever 在主语从句中作宾语=Anything that ) 【例题】 Although _ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur else where in the world. A. which B. what C. how D. it 尽管那个发达国家发生的情况听起来像科

34、学幻想似的，但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。 答案 B，what 引导的从句作主语，表示” 所的东西(的情况 )” 。必须注意： what 引导的从句是 各类的重点，由于what 引导的从句本身相当于个名词后加上一个定语从句，所以，在what 引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。 【实例】 In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. that C. what D. one (1995.6) 所谓 ” 平等 ” 在有些国家实际上并不

35、意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。答案C。 2由 that 引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部，而用it 作形式上的主语。口语 中 that 常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡。注意此时that 不能省掉， 前面也不能再加what。 【例句】 That he became a doctor may have been due to his fathers influence. 他成为医生可能是由于他 父亲的影响。 It is well known that water is indispensable to life. It s a pity that you miss

36、ed such a fine speech.这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜。 【例题】 How did it come about _ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework? A. which B. what C. that D. it 你的作业里出现了这么多错误，到底是怎么回事？本句中it 是形式主语， that 引导的从句是 真正的主语，所以答案为C。 【实例】 _ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. A. What B. Those C. Tha

37、t D. Whether (1993) 人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西，这并不是什么新论。答案为 C。 3由连接代词(疑问代词who，whom，whose，which 都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如 when，where，whether，how，why 等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时，前面用it 作形式上的主 语。从句放前或放后，意思基本上没有多大差别。不过whether(or not) 引导的从句放在句首或句 子后部都可以，而if 仅可引出宾语从句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not。 【例句】 Whether (or not) he will gowont make too much

38、 difference. It won t make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一样。 Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 谁宋主持会议还不知道。 How she got wounded at work should be investigated. 她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查。 Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。 Where we should stay is a

39、problem. 我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题。 It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题。 Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.=It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否参加会议还不确定。 4whoever 也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。 【例句】 Whoever told you that was lying. 这件事不管

40、是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。 二、宾语从句 在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what，when，where，how，which ，why，who， whom，whether (if) 及 whatever，whoevef，whichever 等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语，介 词的宾语，也可用在某些形容词短语如be sure，be certain，be afraid，be confident ，be anxiuos， be convinced， be glad， be worried， be sorry， be annoyed， be pleased，be satisfied， be hu

41、rt， be content， be proud 等的后面。 【例句】 He asked me what I wanted . 他问我想要什么。 I don t know where the sound came from . 我不知道声音从哪儿传来。 I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive here on time. 我不知道他们是否能按时到达这里。 I don t care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我道歉。 In primitive societies, peop

42、le ate whatever they could find.在原始社会， 人们吃他们所能找到 的所有食物。 I m not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我没有把握 今年是否能通过研究生入学考试。 She is confident that she will win 她相信自己能获胜。 They are glad that youve succeeded in your plan他们很高兴你的计划获得成功。 We are not sure whether he will c

43、ome 我们不确信他能否来。 【例题】 We cant understand _ he avoided speaking to us . A. which B. that C. why D. after 我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话。这里，疑问词why 引导的从句作understand 的宾 语，答案C。 【例题】 I am interested in _ you have told me . A. which B. all that C. all what D. that 我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。all 在此句中是代词，意为“一切”、 “全部”，作为主句谓 语动词短语am inte

44、rested in 的宾语， that 引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词all。all that 意思 等于 what。C 亦不正确，如前所述，由于what 引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从 句，所以，在what 引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。本题答案B。 说明： 1在非正式文体中，that 用于引导宾语从句时，引导词that 常常可以省略。 【例句】 He said (that) he would never do such a thing . 他说他永远不会做那种事。 2在 think，believe，suppose，expect 等动词后面的宾语从句中，如果宾语从句

45、的谓语动 词是否定形式，通常要把否定词not 转移到主句，而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。 【例句】 I don t think your proposal is very feasible . 我认为你的提议不太可行。 3如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语，为保持句子平衡，that 引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式 宾语 it 代替，而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。 【例句】 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here . 4That 引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有先行词it 作宾语的含有介 词的动词短语之后。 【例句】

46、 You can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confidential. 你尽可以放心，我们会 对这件事情严格保密。 5介词后面一般不跟that 引起的宾语从句，仅在in，except，but，besides等少数几个介词 后可跟 that 引导的宾语从句，已形成固定的搭配，inthat 在于， but that 要不是，except that 除了 besides that 除了之外，还。 【例句】 We will provide assistance to whoever needs it. 我们将给任何需要的人提

47、供帮助。 The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说 她的遭遇。 Dont besatisfied with what you have achieved . 不要满足于你已取得的成就。 The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students arent required to attend lectures. 新文学课与旧的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。 This suit fits me well

48、except that the trousers are too long . 除了裤子太长外，这套西装很合我 身。 I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then若不是当时有些急事 要办的话，我本来会来看你的。 三、表语从句 表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面，对主语的内容起解释、进一步阐明的作用。可以接表语 从句的系动词有be，look ，remain，seem等。常由 that（通常不能省） ，whether，because，where， when，why ，how，who 及 as ifasth

49、ough 等引导表语从句。 【例句】 One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.太阳能优点之一是它取之不尽。 The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 问题是我们是否能赢得大 多数人的支持。 This is where you are mistaken . 这就是你的错误所在。 This is why I got scolded . 这就是我受到训斥的原因 It may be because he is too young to do it . 这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故。 It seem that (as if) the night would never end. 夜晚似乎永远也不会结束。 The reason why (that) he has been such a success is that he never gives up.他获得如此成功的 原因是由于他从不放弃。 The