分词作状语转换.pdf

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1、1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be 时: 1.1、 当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be 改为 being. 即 可。 As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. 1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时，只要保留从句的主语，其它变化同以上1.1。 As he is still a child, you shouldnt be too hard on him. He being st

2、ill a child, you shouldnt be too hard on him. 1.3、当从句是否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.2。 As he was no tall enough, he couldnt reach for the apple. No being tall enough, he couldnt reach for the apple. 2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态（现在进行时态或过去进行时态）时: 2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be 保留 现在分词即可。有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分

3、词前保留being. While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time. While reading the book, he nodded from time to time 2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上2.1 When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel. He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel 2.3、当从句是含not 的否定

4、句时， 只要在 being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone. Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone. 3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时： 3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可 Look round when you cross the street. Look round whe

5、n crossing the street. 3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上3.1 When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them. They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them. 3.3、当从句是含not 的否定句时，只要在现在分词前加not，其他变化同以上3.1与3.2 As he didnt know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. .

6、Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual. 4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时： 4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be 保留过去分词 即可。 As the teacher was surrounded tightly by a group of students, he couldnt get away. Surrounded tightly by a group of students the teacher cou ldnt get

7、 away. 4.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上4.1 A. As the car was trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. The car trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. 4.3、当从句是含not 的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not 外，其他变化同以上4.1与4.2 As he was not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. Not killed dead in the fi

8、eld, he escaped at the very night. 5、当从句的谓语动词是完成时态(现在完成时与过去完成时)时： 5.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并将had/has/have 改为 having 即可。 After the writer had finished the book, he tried to find a publisher. Having fi nished the book, the writer tried to find a publisher. 5.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上5.1 As

9、 the storm had destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave. The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave. 5.3、当从句是含not 的否定句时，除在having 前加 not外，其他变化同以上5.1与5.2。 As he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 6、当

10、从句中的谓语动词是被动语态完成式时： 6.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与had been/have been/has been 并保留过去分词即可，有时也可只去掉从句中的连词与主语并将从句中的have/had/has 改 为 Having，这种方式是为了强调完成。 If the trees had been given more attention, they could have grown better. (Having been) Given more attention, the trees would have grown better. 6.2、当从句与主句

11、的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上6.1 Although the sentence had been explained again and again, the students didnt seem to understand it yet. The sentence(having been) explained again and again, the students didnt seem to understand it yet. 6.3、当从句是含not 的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not 或在 having been 前加 not 外， 其他变化同以上6.1与6.2

12、As the old man hadnt been taken good care of, he wasnt living a happy life. Not (having been) taken good care of, the old man wasnt living a happy life. 7.当句子谓语是一个由and 连接的并列动词时,为了强调两个动作同时发生,只要去掉 and 并 将另一个动词改为现在分词即可. They often sat in the shade and smoked a cigarette in the late afternoon. They ofte

13、n sat in the shade in the late afternoon, smoking a cigarette. 使用独立主格结构的几点注意 1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从 句，但不再保留连词。如： After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下 课后，学生很快离开了教室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的b

14、eing（或 having been）不能省略： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如： It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 (2) 在 There being名词的结构中。如： There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行 回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词 在“ 名词（或代词）介词短语” 构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和 冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in

15、 hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较 with 的复合结构： Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： The chief-editor s arriving made us very surprised. 5. 独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： The li

16、steners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他 的老板非常失望。 【模拟试题】 一、单项填空 1. Oh, it s you, Steve! I _ you. No surprising. I ve just had my hair cut. A. don t recognize B. haven t recognized C. didn t recogn

17、ize D. hadn t recognized 2. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A. all whose homes B. all of whose homes C. all their homes D. all of their homes 3. I m glad to see that you _ a lot of progress since I _ you last. A. will make; have met B. have been making;

18、 met C. had made; met D. have made; meeting 4. Where can I get _ information about a long journey? Nothing is of _ than a map, I think. A. an; greater help B. a piece of; greater price C. some; better useful D. some; greater value 5. You re not _ to park here _ you have a permit. A. allowed; unless

19、B. permitted; in spite C. let; since D. agreed; even if 6. It s _ a long time since I started to teach at this school. A. quite B. much C. pretty D. so 7. Did you remember to return the book to our English teacher? Yes. I gave it to him _ I saw him. A. once B. while C. if D. the moment 8. He was _ f

20、or work, for he could not imagine life without it. A. expected B. worried C. eager D. proud 9. I _ from the crowd an old friend of mine whom I hadn t seen for ten years. A. figured out B. picked out C. gave out D. went out 10. I believe the child _. A. to tell true B. to have told the truth C. havin

21、g the truth D. having told the truth 11. Jack _ the test again; in that case, his father will be very disappointed. A. must have failed B. might fail C. should fail D. could have failed 12. _ enough time, but I couldn t do it better. A. I was given B. Given C. To be given D. Though I was given 13. O

22、ur doctor always talks to me _ a teacher talking to a child. A. as same as B. how C. like D. similar as 14. Johnson, there re a lot of chairs over there. Go and fetch _ for me. Why _? Mike is sitting there doing nothing. A. one; me B. that; not he C. it; not him D. some; I 15. Let me help you carry

23、your travel case to the station, Granny. Oh, no, my boy. It is _ heavy. _. A. so; What a good boy B. not so; Thanks a lot C. rather; How kind of you D. not too; Thank you anyway. 分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况 英语中常把分词或分词短语放在句首，作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况、 结果、目的及让步等状语，分词或分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同 （即保持一致），否则句子就是错误的。例如： 1En

24、tering the room ，I found the walls newly-painted （对） 我走进房间时，发现墙壁油漆一新。 Entering the room，the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls （错） 2Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once （对） 士兵受了重伤，立即被送到医院。 Badly wounded，we sent the soldier to hospital at once （错） 3Being very busy

25、，I could not afford the time to go to the cinema （对） 我因为太忙，不能花时间去看电影了。 Being very busy，the film tickets were given to others （错） 4Led by the Party，we are making great progress in our work （对） 在党的领导下，我们的工作有很大的进展。 Led by the Party，great progress in our work is being made （错） 5Written in haste，the lett

26、er had some mistakes （对） 由于写得匆忙，这封信里有几个错误。 Written in haste，he made some mistakes in the letter （错） 6Running after each other in the street，the two boys were knocked down by a bike （对） 两个男孩在马路上相互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。 Running after each other in the street，a bike knocked down the two boys （错） 但在实际语言中，时常可以遇到分

27、词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语与整个 句子的主语不一致的现象，但整个句子的语法结构又是正确的情况，尤其是在 科技作品和英美文学作品中很为普遍，这种分词在语法上称为游离分词 （unattached participle）或称为无关分词（ unrelated participle）或称为悬 垂分词（ dangling participle） 。下面就来谈谈能够成立的情形： 一、在独立主格结构中，分词或分词短语的逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不 一致。如： 1The professor entered the lab，his students following him （伴随 状况） 那位教授走进实验

28、室，学生们在后面跟着。 2A few seconds later，he was looking at the screen again with the machinery turned on （伴随状况） 几秒钟后，他开了机器，盯着荧光屏。 3The day being very wet，Mary wore her new mackintosh （原因状 语） 因为这天是阴雨天气，玛丽穿上她的新雨衣。 4The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them ，the ceremony began （时间状语）

29、 在负责人到达并在为他们保留的座位上就座以后，典礼就开始了。 5Weather permitting，the ship will leave the harbour at dawn （条件状 语） 如果天气不错的话，船将在黎明时离港。 6He lay on his back，his knees drawn up （方式状语） 他蜷着腿，仰面躺着。 二、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度， 这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份，含有“泛指“之意，在句中常作插入语， 这时 分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致。如： 1Judging from his appea

30、rance，he looks like an old doctor 从外表看，他像一位老医生。 2Strictly speaking，her pronunciation is not quite good 严格地说，她的发音不十分地道。 3Taken as a whole，there is nothing wrong with the article 总地来说，这篇文章没有什么问题。 4Looking at the question objectively，what he said is something believable 客观地看，他说的话还有些可信之处。 经常这样用的分词短语有： f

31、rankly speaking 老实地说，坦率地说 generally speaking 一般地说 strictly speaking 严格地说 properly speaking 确切地说来 talking or taken one with another 总地看来 taken as a whole 总地来说 这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语，也可以看作是一个句子的独立成 份。 三、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质，由它们组成的词 组作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如： 1He couldnt attend the meeting owing to illnes

32、s 他因病没能出席会议。 2According to the text，please answer the following questions 请按照课文的内容，回答下面问题。 3The boy did quite well considering the circumstances 考虑到具体情况，可以说这孩子干得很不错了。 4Regarding the case，he knew nothing 关于这件事，他一无所知。 经常这样用的分词有： admitting that（conj confessing that，承认） assuming that（conj if，假定） barring

33、 （prep except ，除以外，除非） considering（prep in view of ，having regard of 鉴于，就 而论） concerning（prep about ，关于） excepting （prep conj leaving out，excluding ， -often after not，always ，without ，除之外，包括） failing （prep in default of ，in the absence of 若缺少 时， 如果没有） owing to（prep because of ， on account of ， 因为， 由

34、于） providing provided that（conj on condition that，假若，倘使） regarding （prep with reference to ，about ，关于，有关） seeing that （conj in view of the fact that；considering，鉴于的 事实，由 的缘故） 上述诸词有些已完全变成了介词或连词。 四、在有些句子中，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子 的主语，而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中，大多数是宾语和定语。如： 1Seeing her health sinking rapidly，alarm

35、 seized her fathers heart 她父亲看到她的健康状况急剧恶化， 非常惊慌。 （seeing 的逻辑主语是 heart 的定语 herfather ） 2His summer holidays were spent in the countryside，helping the farmers with their work 他在乡下度过暑假， 假期中帮助农民干活。（helping的逻辑主语是 holiday 的定语 his ） 3Running to school，a terrible thought struck her 跑到学校时，她突然产生了一个可怕的念头。（runn

36、ing的逻辑主语是 struck 的宾语 her ） 注： 1 若逻辑主语在句中根本没有出现， 以上下文推测，常为泛指人称代词（we， you ， one ）等。如： Facing north，there is a large mountain on the right 面向北方，右边有座大山。 2其逻辑主语为整个句子， 该分词短语相当于关系代词which 引导的特殊 定语从句。如： The bus was held up by the snowstorm， thus causing the delay 公共汽车为大雪所阻，因而耽搁了。 First of all ，this difficult

37、 problem has to be tackled，thus enabling us to proceed to the others 首先这个难题必须解决，这样我们才能解决其它的问题。 五、如果句子的谓语是被动语态时，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语 不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在由by 引起的动作执行者或发出者中，尽管 by 引起的动作执行者大多不写出来。如： 1Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence 用简单的句子也可以表示出完整的意思来。（using 的逻辑主语包含在by 没有写出来之中） 2Knowing as m

38、uch as you do，the situation is easily explained 像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一局面。（knowing的逻辑主语包含在 by没有写出来之中） 六、如果句子的主语是非人称代词it 时，作状语用的分词或分词短语的逻 辑主语也可不必与全句的主语保持一致。如： 1It rained hard coming back回来时雨下得很大。 （coming的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it） 2It was quite hot getting up this morning今天早晨起床时，天气非 常热。 （getting up的逻辑主语显然不是句子的主语it） 此类句子过去被认为是不合语法的，不被多数人所承认，但语言总是随着时 代的发展而发展，随着社会的进步而丰富。目前在美国和英国，此类句子已被 普遍接受。