小学英语句子基本结构总结.pdf

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1、精品文档 . 小学英语句子基本结构汇总 本章主要讲解两个方面: (1)句子的成分和基本句型; (2)句子的种类。 一、句子的成分和基本句型 1句子的成分 主语+谓语=主题成分 表语+宾语(直接 / 间接宾语) +宾语补足语 +定语+状语 =次要部分 主语 subject 主语是谓语讲述的对象, 表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。 一般由名词、 代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。 We study in NO. 1 Middle School (we 是主语,我们在一中上学。 ) The classroom is very clean (The classroom 是主语,这个教

2、室很干净。 ) Three students were absent (Three students是主语,三个学生缺席。 ) To teach them English is my job. (To teach them English是主语,教他们英语是我的工作) It is my job to teach them English. (此句为特殊句式, it作形式主语,真正的主语是to teach them English ) 谓语 predicate 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语( 谓语部分里主要的 词) 必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致,它在主语后面

3、。 His parents are doctors他的父母是医生。 She looks well她看起来不错。 We study hard 我们学习很刻苦。 We have finished reading the book我们已经读完了这本书。 He can speak English他可以说英语。 精品文档 . 表语 predicative 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词 短语、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后 面。 You look younger than before你看起来比以前更年轻了。 I am a teacher

4、我是个老师。 Every body is here。 所有的人都在这。 They are at home now 他们现在在家。 My job is to teach them English我的工作是教他们英语。 宾语 object 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语 来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。 She is playing the piano now她现在正在弹钢琴。 He often helps me 他经常帮助我。 He likes to sleep in the open air他喜欢在室外睡觉。 We enjoy livin

5、g in China我们喜欢在中国生活。 宾语补足语 object complement 宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充 说明,这个词或短语叫做宾宾语补足语。 它和前面的宾语一起形成 “复合宾语” 它可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或动词不定式等。 “宾语 +宾语补足语” =复合宾语 ?Leave the door open. (open是 door 的宾补)让门开着。 ?We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (副词 out ,是李明的宾补)当 我们到达的时候发现李明出去了。 ?Make yourself at h

6、ome. (at home副词短语做 yourself的宾补)别拘束, 随便。就像在自己家一样。 ?I saw a stranger enter the building. (enter the building做 a stranger 的宾补)我看见一个陌生人进入了大楼。 精品文档 . ?The boss kept them working all day. (working all day 做 them 的宾 补)老板让他们一整天都在工作。 ?Yesterday he got his leg broken. (broken 做 his leg的宾补)昨天他 的腿受伤了。 状语 adverb

7、ial 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、 方式程度等意义,一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。 He did it carefully他认真的做这件事。 Without his help,we couldn t work it out没有他的帮助,我们不 能完成这件事。 (In order) to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard为了 赶上我的同班同学,我必须努力学习。 定语 attributive 定语用来修饰名词或代词,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语形容词、 代词、数词、名词、介词短语,不定

8、式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担 任定语。 。 The black bike is mine (形容词 black 修饰名词 bike )这个黑色的自行车是我的。 What is your name? (形容词性物主代词your 修饰名词 name )你叫什么名字? They made paper flowers. (名词 paper 修饰名词 flowers )他们制备纸花。 The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One. (介词短语 in the room修饰名词 boys)这个房间里的男孩们在一年级三班。 I have somet

9、hing to do. (动词不定式 to do 修饰名词 something )我有一些事要做。 精品文档 . 基本句型 第 1 种句型 S+V (主语 +谓语) 主语谓语(不及物动词) ?Class begins. (class 主语,动词 begins 做谓语) ?We begin our class at 8.(we做主语, begin 做谓语) 第 2 种句型 S+V+O 主语谓语(及物动词)+宾语 ?My father read the book. (my father做主语, read 做谓语, the book 做宾语)我爸爸读书。 ?She likes English. (S

10、he做主语, likes 做谓语, English 做宾语) ?I know him very well. (I 做主语, know做谓语, him 做宾语)我很了解他 ?He stopped writing. (he做主语, stopped 做谓语, writing做宾语) ?You must listen to me.(you 做主语, must listen to做谓语, me做宾 语)你必须听我的。 第 3 种句型 S+V+P 主语+系动词 +表语 ?He became a scientist. (He做主语, became做系动词,名词短语a scientist做表语) 。他成为 了

11、一个科学家。 ?They are honest. (They做主语, are 是系动词,形容词honest 是表语)他们是忠诚的。 They are at home now. (They是主语,are 是系动词,介词短语 at home是表语)他们现在在家。 My job is to teach them English.(My job 是主语, is 是系动词,动 精品文档 . 词不定式 to teach them English是表语)我的工作是教他们英语。 在句子中经常作为系动词的动词有 keep look smell sound taste feel grow get go turn

12、第 4 种句型 S+V+IO+DO 主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语 直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象 间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或是为谁做的 双宾语 : 直接宾语 (表示动作结果 ) 和间接宾语 (动作目标 ) He gave Tom a present. (he 是主语,gave 是谓语,Tom是间接宾语, a present是直接宾语) Give it to me. (give 是谓语, it是直接宾语, me是间接宾语) 必背: p.7 间接宾语在后面时 , 其前必须加 to( “给”)或 for (给 、 “替” 、 “为” ) 直接宾语和间接宾语的使用 间+直 当直接宾语是人称代

13、词时,为了强调间接宾语,直+间 我把它递给我妈妈。 ?I passed it to my mother. (it 是直接宾语, my mother 是间接宾语) 她把它们扔给我。 ?She threw them to me. (them是直接宾语, me是间接宾语) 我为他找到多余的书 / 票。 ?I found spare books/tickets for him. (spare books 是直接宾语, him 是间接宾语) “疑问词 +不定式”作直接宾语 他教我如何读这个单词。 ?He taught me how to read the word. (me是间接宾语, how to r

14、ead the 精品文档 . word 是直接宾语) 我告诉他做什么。 ?I told him what to do.(him 是间接宾语, what to do是直接宾语) 他问我为什么唱这支歌。 ?He asked me why to sing this song.(me是间接宾语, why to sing this song 是直接宾语) 她问我走哪条路。 ?She asked me which way to go.(me 是间接宾语, which way to go 是 直接宾语) 第 5 种句型 S+V+O+OC 主语谓语(及物动词)宾语宾语补足语 call,name ,make ,

15、think ,and,leave 他们使她幸福。 ?They made her happy. (They 是主语, made是谓语, her 是宾语, happy 是宾补) 我们叫她康妮。 ?We call her Connie.(we是主语, call是谓语, her 是宾语, Connie 是 宾补) 我觉得这部电影很有意思。 ?I found the movie interesting (I 是主语, found 是谓语, the movie 是宾语, interesting是宾补) 他让这个窗户开着。 ?He left the window open (He是主语, left是谓语,

16、the Window是宾语, open是宾补) 我看见她跳舞了。 ?I saw her dance.(I 是主语, saw是谓语, her 是宾语, dance 是宾补) 精品文档 . 第 4 种句型和第 5 种句型 (双宾语和复合宾语)的比较 第 4 种句型变为被动语态,有两种情况: ?We sent them a telegram. 我们给他们发了个电报。 They were sent a telegram. A telegram was sent to them. 第 5 种句型变为被动语态时,只有一种句式。 ?I will make you king. You will be made

17、 king. ?He gave me a book. ?He calls me Tom. 宾语+宾语补足语可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系,即“我是汤姆; 间接宾语和直接宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即不能想像为“我是一本 书”。 1 用所给的单词组成句子 1.to, the, box, I, want, take, to, room, heavy, the I want to take the heavy box to the room. 2.look, things, the, after, boys, their, must The boys must look after their thing

18、s. 3.here, all, are, you You are all here. 4.today, who, duty, is, on Who is on duty today? 5.Miss, them, 3 years ago, Wang, taught, Japanese Miss Wang taught them Japanese 3 years ago. 6.is, rice, bag, in, there, much, the There is much rice in the bag. ?2 根据中文提示,完成下列句子 精品文档 . 1.Have you ever been

19、to (最远的小岛 )? 2.We must (保持清洁 ) our classroom. 3.They and (每两小时,必 须坐下休息 )two hours. 4.After work he always (感到有点儿累 ). 5.There is (有点儿毛病 ) with Lindas cats eyes. 6.I can see (没有异常之物 ) in the tree. 7.Mr. Fang is (去访问 ) his aunt. 二、句子的种类 1、陈述句 凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或是表达一种心情的句子 有肯定式和否定式。句末用句号“”,通常用降调 否定结构应注意事项

20、 A、使用 not 的部分否定 如果使用了 very ,always 以及 all ,both,every 及 every 的复合词 ?I dont play football well. ?I dont play football very well. ?It isn t always hot here in summer. B、not 的其他否定表示 a notat all一点也不 我一点儿也不累。 ? I m not tired at all. 我一点儿也不喜欢它。 ?I dont like it at all. b n ot any more, notany longer再也不 我再也

21、不在这儿住了。 ?I do nt live here any longer. 精品文档 . 我再也不能多吃了。 ?I can not eat any more.=I can eat no more. 2、祈使句 表示请求、命令、建议等。谓语动词一律用原形。通常不用主语,句末用 惊叹号或句号,用降调。 1 含有第二人称主语的祈使句 A、肯定式:动词原形(省主语) ?Stand up. ?Be quiet, please. ?Do study hard. ?Li Ming, come here ?Come here, Li Ming 含有第一、三人称主语的祈使句 A、肯定的祈使句 Let 第一人称

22、( me, us ) Let 第三人称代词( him/her/it/them)或名词 咱们马上动身吧。 ?Lets go at once ?Let s go, shall/shant we?. ?Let us go, will/wont you ? Yes, lets/No, lets not. ?Let me try again ?Let Tom go there himself B、否定的祈使句 Lets (us, me)not 动词原形 Don t let第三人称代词的宾格或名词动词原形 精品文档 . ?Let s not say anything about it ?Dont let

23、them play with fire Let them not play with fire. 3、感叹句 表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情。分为两种:一种以what 引导,一种以 how 引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。 what 引导的感叹句: What+ 名词(或形容词名词)陈述句(主语谓 语) ! ( 他是个 ) 多么诚实的人啊 ! ?What an honest man he is! ( 这些是 ) 多么大的苹果啊 ! ?What big apples these are! 多么好的天气啊 ! ?What fine weather it is! 2 how 引导的感叹句: How+

24、形容词或副词陈述句(主语谓语)+! 今天天气多热阿! How hot it is today! 那凤筝飞得多么高啊 ! How high the kite is flying! 他跑的多快啊! How fast he runs! 多么诚实的人啊! How honest the man is! 我多想当个老师阿1 How I want to be a teacher! 1 按要求改写下列句子 1There is some milk in the bottle(改为否定句 ) 1. There isnt any milk in the bottle. 精品文档 . 2Take the chair

25、to the door(改为否定句 ) 2. Dont take the chair to the door. 3He did the housework yesterday( 改为否定句 ) 3. He didnt do the housework yesterday. 4The ship is big( 改为感叹句 ) 4. How big the ship is!/What a big ship it is! 5He does well in maths( 改为否定句 ) 5. He doesnt do well in maths. 6They can put the bag in th

26、e box( 改为否定句 ) 6. They cannot put the bag in the box. 7Give him a bottle of milk( 改为否定句 ) 7. Dont give him a bottle of milk. 8He had done with the goods before he went away(改为否定句 ) 8. He hadnt done with the goods before he went away. 9These people are very brave( 改为感叹句 ) 9. How brave these people ar

27、e!/What brave people they are! 10Tom has strong arms (改为 What引导的感叹句 ) 10. What strong arms Tom has! 11This film is very good(改为 How引导的感叹句 ) 11. How good the film is! 12I want to be a doctor( 改为感叹句 ) 精品文档 . 12. How I want to be a doctor! 13There was something wrong with the radio( 改为否定句 ) 13. There w

28、as nothing wrong with the radio. or: There wasnt anything wrong with the radio. 14You must be kind to the other people(改为祈使句 ) 14. Be kind to the other people!/Do be kind to the other people! 15You mustnt eat lunch now(改为祈使句 ) 15. Dont eat lunch now! 16Shall we play tennis after school?(改为祈使句 ) 16.

29、Lets play tennis after school. 17How cold it is today!(改为肯定陈述句 ) 17. It is very cold today. 18I think he will come( 改为否定句 ) 18. I dont think he will come. 19He works very hard( 改为 HOW 引导的感叹句 ) 19. How hard he works! 20Lets go to see them( 改为否定句 ) 20. Lets not go to see them. 2 汉译英 1父亲很可怜,他几乎不会写他的名字。 1. His father is poor. He can hardly write his name. 精品文档 . 2我很少看报纸,我不知道每天都发生什么事。 2. I seldom read newspapers. I dont know what has happened /happens every day. 3我的父亲并非每天早上都到办公室去。 3. My father does not go to his office every morning. 4好难的工作呀! 4. What a difficult job! 5他跳得真高! 5. How high he jumps!

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