中考英语《阅读理解》专题复习学案.pdf

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1、中考英语专题复习学案 阅读理解 一、解题策略指导 阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是： 1读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。 3既理解字面的意思，也理解深层次的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等。 4既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。 中考英语阅读理解题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、 理 解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评价能力等。 试题中所选的阅读文章题材多样化，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、

2、 科学技术等各个方面。(这要求学生平时对各方面的知识都有所积累，做个有心人)体裁多样 化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格(要 求学生能看懂这类阅读材料尤其是时下出题的趋势)等各种文体。它要求考生阅读理解准确 度高、阅读速度快。 大致来说，主要针对如下方面：1.文章的个别词或句子，可以给出生词让学生猜意，对 此类题目学生应尽量在阅读材料中找定义或解释；2.文章的某细节或情节；3.文章的主题； 4.文章的背景知识；5.文章的结论或结局；6.文章内涵的隐义或寓意等。主要是考查考生综 合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读、理解、 归纳概括、 逻辑推理以及对材料

3、的评估能力 等。 具体来讲主要有以下几种题型： 具体信息： 这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就 可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。 语义理解： 题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释。解答这类题目时 需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。 逻辑推理： 这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及 其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。 有时甚至还得联系作者的意 图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。 归纳概括： 要求在阅读和理解全文的基

4、础上对文章作出归纳、概括或评价。 解这种题目 时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题(title) 、主题 (main idea)、结 论(conclusion) 、结局 (end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、 背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维推理判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。 词意判断： 要求根据上下文判断短文中词或短语的意思。 在阅读过程中要重视培养自我阅读能力，根据不同的阅读目的和要求，采取不同的阅读 方法和策略。 提高阅读能力所常用的阅读技巧主要有细读、略读、全读等。 扫读： 是一种快速阅读方法，主要在于对文章信息的精确定位，锁定

5、重要信息， 如找出 人物、时间、地点、数字等。 略读： 也是一种快速阅读，目的是读取文章的主旨大意。与扫读不同的是，略读是跳跃 式的，略掉一些东西不读，取出短文中的关键性东西。 细读： 细读是完全阅读，目的包括（1）确定中心思想及标题；（2）了解用以阐述中心 思想的事实及细节； （3）对作者的暗示或隐含思想进行判断、推理、引申；（4）根据上下文 推测词义。 扩大视距： 要以意群为单位，注重对整句话的理解，扩大注视空间。 带问题阅读： 先浏览短文后面的题目，做到心中有数， 带着目的去阅读，以提高阅读实 效。 根据上下文猜测词意：遇到生词， 要根据上下文线索和暗示、上下文的联系、常识和经 验推断或

6、猜测词意。 二、 范例解析引路 例一 ： One day, a doctor was looking over the eyesight of the young men who were ready to join the army. By Jeff s turn the doctor pointed to the eye chart （图表） on the wall and said, “ Please read the top line, young man. ” “ The top line of what? ” “ The top line of the chart. ” “ Wha

7、t chart?” “ The one on the wall.” “ Where s the wall? ” Jeff asked. At last the doctor thought the young man s eyesight was too poor. He couldn t join the army. That evening the same young man was at the cinema when another man came and sat next to him. When the film was over and the lights went on,

8、 the young man found that it was the doctor who sat next to him. At once he said to the doctor, “ Excuse me, madam, but does this bus go to the Museum Street?” Judge the following sentences true (T) or false (F). 1. The young man hoped to be a soldier. 2. At first the doctor believed what the young

9、man had said. 3. The young man s eyesight was really weak. 答案 13 FTF 解析 本题属于阅读理解正误判断题。从文章的选材来看，是一篇故事性的短文。内容大意是 描写一个叫Jeff 的年青人，他不想去服兵役，在体检时假装自己的视力不好而去欺骗医生。 医生相信了他，因此他不能去参军。而晚上在电影院时，Jeff 碰巧又遇到了医生。Jeff 非常 聪明，又用一句谎言而蒙混过关。此阅读材料共设三道小题： 第一小题题干的意思是说这个年青人想当兵。文章中没有一句话直接告诉考生这句话的 答案是不对的， 但从整个短文的意思来看，他是不喜欢参军的，否则

10、他也不能假装视力不好。 这道题属于推理判断题。 第二道小题， 题干的意思是说医生开始的时候相信了年青人的话。这道题属于语义理解 性题目，在短文中第六段中“At last the doctor thought the young man s eyesight was too poor.” 这句话中可以看出答案是正确的。 第三道小题意思是说这个年青人的视力真的不好。这道题的设题上属于逻辑推理性题 目，因为从文章的最后一段可知，他视力如果不好，就不可能去看电影，也不可能认出医生 来。本道题是阅读理解中的第一篇，故事情节幽默，句子简单易懂。难度不大，旨在缓和考 生面对中考时的紧张情绪。考生在答题中先读

11、懂短文，理解短文的大意和脉络，然后依据短 文内容对试题后给出的句子进行是非判断。同进，对每一道题进行判断时，应从文章的具体 段落和句子中找到判断的依据，不能凭印象想当然。对有些似是而非的句子，一定要认真识 别，只有完全符合文章意思的方可判定为正确。 例二 ： People all over the world eat rice. Millions of people in Asia, Africa, and South America live on it. Some people eat almost nothing but rice. Rice is a kind of grass. Th

12、ere are more than 7,000 kinds of rice. Most kinds are water plants. Farmers grow rice in many countries, even in the south of the United States and in eastern Australia. China is the world s largest rice-growing country. In 2003, China grew 166 million tons of rice. But it is not easy to feed the wo

13、rld s largest population. In the 1960s, thousands of Chinese died because they didn t have enough food to eat. In the 1970s, Yuan Longping, a Chinese scientist, grew a kind of rice called hybrid（杂交）rice. It makes 20% more rice than any other kind. Hybrid rice is a stronger plant, unlike ordinary ric

14、e. It can grow in lots of water or in not much water. It doesn t easily get diseases or worms. Today, half of China s rice plants are Yuan s special hybrid rice. China uses Yuan s hybrid rice to grow much more rice than before. Yuan is known as the Father of Hybrid Rice. He won the World Food Prize

15、for his work to help feed so many people. Choose the best choice from ABC or D according to the passage above. 1. Rice is grown _ in the world. A. in lots of countries B. for humans and animals C. only on wet land D. by Chinese farmers 2. China _ in the world. A. offers the best rice to people B. ha

16、rvests the most rice C. has the largest farmland D. is short of rice 3. Yuan Longping s hybrid rice _. A. gets sick more often B. is ordinary rice C. can grow without water D. can make more rice than the others 4. The Chinese scientist, Yuan Longping, is famous for _. A. the Father of Rice B. his ri

17、ce to feed all Chinese C. his hybrid rice D. growing different kinds of rice 答案 14 ABDC 解析 本题属于阅读理解选择题，是中考阅读理解最常见的题型。本文是一篇科普性的文章， 通过介绍我国科学家袁隆平及他所培育的杂交水稻，以及他在自己平凡的工作岗位上为国家 做出的杰出贡献，向学生渗透热爱科学的理念，培养学生脚踏实地，认真做事、做学问的求 实精神。 来源学科网 第一道小题的设题属于语义理解性题目，在世界的什么地方可以种植水稻，从文章中的 第一段中 “Farmers grow rice in many countr

18、ies ” ，只有答案A 中用的 “lots of”这个词， many 与 lots of 是同义词，因此从这句话可以选出答案A 是正确的。 第二道小题也属于语义理解性题目，从第二段的第一句话“China is the world s largest rice-growing country. ”可以推断出答案B 是正确的。 第三道小题属于直接理解性题目，从第二段中的“It makes 20% more rice than any other kind. ”可以选出答案D 是正确的。 第四道小题属于归纳概括性题目，需认真阅读全文，仔细推敲每个答案：答案A 具有 片面性，文章中说他是the Fa

19、ther of Hybrid Rice 而不是 the Father of Rice；答案 B 的题干是 his rice to feed all Chinese ，而在文章中说half of China s rice plants are Yuan s special hybrid rice，此答案明显是不正确的；答案C 是正确的；答案D 的题干是growing different kinds of rice，而从文章中可以得知Yuan Longping 只是种植杂交水稻。答题时考生要在正确理解短 文内容的基础上，认真看清短文后的题目内容和要求，然后根据短文内容，运用分析、 排除 等方法选择

20、正确答案。对短文中没有直接说明又无法从短文所提供的材料上明确做出判断 的，就要在理解字面意思的基础上进行深入分析、推理， 或联想短文材料以外的常识加以考 虑，从而推断出正确答案。 例三： Our school is always asking students to take part in school activities（活动） and events. What s been going on in our school? Every week there is a Film Night of popular Chinese and English films. After the fi

21、lms, there re discussions groups where the audience can share their ideas and ask questions about the films. Every two weeks, on Wednesday there is a Cooking Night. Students come and cook delicious Chinese dishes. The first Thursday of each month is a Fun Night. Students come to play computer games

22、or to sing karaoke. There are karaoke competitions. So young people can come and show off their singing. There are also a few short classes on subjects such as Chinese handwriting and the history of China. These are open to the whole city. Every year we have a special activity with the name China Ni

23、ght. It is our most exciting and biggest activity of the year. There are traditional and modern Chinese singing, dancing and acting. What a great night it is! Answer the following questions according to the passage you read. 1. How often can the students see films every month? 2. Who can go to Chine

24、se handwriting class? 3. How many times a month do the students cook Chinese food? 4. What activities does the school have? 答案 1. They can see films four times a month. / Four times. 2. All the people. 3. Twice. / The students cook Chinese food twice a month. 4. Film Night, Cooking Night, Fun Night

25、and China Night. 解析 本题属于阅读理解回答问题题。文章的题材是考生熟悉的校园生活的短文，是有关 学生的课外活动， 共涉及了四个活动的名称，介绍了活动相关的时间、内容和参加人员等等。 第一道小题， 问的是每个月学生们多长时间看一次电影，属于考查细节。 从文章中的第二段 中的第一句话“Every week there is a Film Night of popular Chinese and English films.”可以看 出是每周看一次电影，而一个月通常是四周，因此答案应是Four times。 第二道小题， 问的是谁能参加中国书法课？属于语义理解性题目，通过对文章中的

26、第三 段的“ These are open to the whole city.” 这句话的理解， 可以知道此小题目的答案应是All the people。 第三道小题， 问的是学生一个月做几次中国食品。此题的设题同第一小题是相同的，也 属于考查细节性题目。从第二段中的“Every two weeks”中可以知道每两周一次，那么一个 月就应该是两次，因此正确答案应是Twice。 第四道小题， 问题是学校有哪些活动？此题属于归纳概括性题目，需在阅读和理解全文 的基础上对文章做出归纳，共有四个， 分别是 Film Night, Cooking Night, Fun Night and China

27、Night。考生在答此类试题时，首先弄清楚问的是什么信息（what, when, where, why, how 等） ； 然后再根据对文章的理解和把握组织自己的语言，写出正确答案。可以用完整的回答方式， 如（ They can see films four times a month. ） ，也可用简短的回答方式，如（Four times.） 。此 道题考查了学生的综合概括能力和处理信息的能力。 例四： Fill in each blank according to what you read, only one word for each blank. 1. The weather rep

28、ort says it will be _ in east coasts. If you go there, you d better take an _ with you. 2. The football match will be _ in Jinzhou Stadium on _. 3. You can t borrow _ five books each time and you should _ for watching videos. 4. Adults can t go to the music festival for young _ _. 答案 1. rainy, umbre

29、lla 2. held, Sunday 3. over, pay 4. listeners, alone / themselves 解析 本题属于阅读理解填空题。所选文章的体裁是实用文体，有图表、广告、海报等形式， 图文并茂，所涉及的内容有球赛、天气预报、音乐会和图书馆书目、音像简介等，具有时代 感强、实用性强、可读性强的特点，贴近学生的日常生活。 第一道小题设题是有关天气的，第一个空问的是在in east coasts的天气是什么样的？属 于考查细节性题目，从文章中的“East coasts will have rain. ”此句话中可以得知，应是下雨 的天气，而设题是 “it will b

30、e_ ” ， 应用形容词来形容天气，因此可以得知答案应是rainy； 第二空设题属于逻辑推理性题目，you d better take an _ with you. 在文章中不能直接找 到此题的答案，但是根据对文章意思的理解和推断，下雨就应该带伞了，因此答案应是 umbrella。 第二道小题是有关足球比赛的，第一空是考查学生对题干的理解，The football match will be _ in Jinzhou Stadium ， 根据句意应填 “举行”这一词，答案为 held； 而第二空on _， 此空明显是填相关日期的，属于直接理解性题目，从文章来看，可以填日期，也可填星期， 但题目

31、要求只能填一词，因此只能填星期Sunday。 第三道小题是有关图书馆书目的，第一空问的是每次借书的数量，属于语义理解性题目， 从文章中borrow five books at most at one time 这句话中可以得知每次最多是借五本，而设题 You can t borrow _ five books each time ，当然是不能超过五本了，“超过”这一词应是 over。第二空问的是看录像应该怎么样，从文章中的最后一句keep a video for a week for 1 dollar 和设题 you should _ for watching videos 可以得知是应该付费

32、的，与for 搭配的动 词是 pay。 第四小题是有关音乐节的，设题是Adults can t go to the music festival for young _ _. 从文中“MUSIC FOR YOUNG LISTENERS”和“Each adult must come with a child. ” 这两句话中可以得知，年青人必须和父母一起来，因此答案第一空应为listeners, 第二空应 为 alone / themselves，属于考查细节性题目。考生在解此类题时先认真阅读所给的短文、图 表或广告， 掌握其内容后，再细读所给待补全的句子。解题时，可带着问题到原文中去寻找 答案

33、， 寻读原文中与之相关的句子。先确定空格处所填词的词义，然后再判定其词形。解这 类题时，应注意信息转换，同义句改写等。 三、实践评估自测 Section One Choose the best topic from A to F according to the meaning of the passage. (1) 1. A 60 year-old Beijing woman was arrested while stealing clothes at a supermarket last week. When the policemen searched her home, they fo

34、und that she had stolen a number of goods ranging from socks to dresses, with a total value of around 50,000 yuan (US$6,170). Her husband said that she is “probably“ a kleptomaniac. 2. On December 26 Tilly, a British schoolgirl felt something was wrong while on the beach with her family. Her mind ke

35、pt going back to the geography lesson just two weeks before she flew to Thailand with her family. “I recognized what was happening and had a feeling there was going to be a tsunami. I told mummy,” Tilly remembered. Quick action by Tilly s mother and Thai hotel staff meant the beach was quickly clear

36、ed, just minutes before a huge wave crashed( 冲撞 ). The beach was one of the few on the island of Phuket where no one was killed. 3. Beijing s government steps up safety at all schools and kindergartens in which some children have been hurt and even killed. As road accidents are listed as the No 1 ki

37、ller, something must be done to ensure campus（校园） safety in the city. 4. A special potted( 盆栽的 ) flower and potted plants market has recently opened to the public in the Yuquanying area of Beijing. The plants and flowers displayed at the market are believed to play a major role in removing the so-ca

38、lled “indoor polution. ” 5. To guard against criminals( 罪犯 ) who use the fake ID cards to engage （从事）in illegal transactions（非法交易） , the JSC children get little or no time at school and people suffer ( 遭受痛苦 ) from many kinds of diseases. At the beginning of the 21st century, the world s population w

39、as around six billion people. The UN has said that the world s population will level off at 12.5 billion people by the year 2100. Other groups think the world s population will continue to grow, reaching 14 billion people before it becomes stable (稳定的 ), or even falls. 1. How many people are added t

40、o the world s population an hour? _ 2. Developing countries can be found in what areas of the world? _ 3. In 1950, what percentage of the world s population lived in developing countries? _ 4. What are examples that show people are living below the poverty line? _ 5. There will be twelve and a half

41、billion people on the earth in 2100 according to the UN, wont there? _ (6) Many people don t like to stay at home on holidays. They want to go out to see something different or do something exciting. So people from the country come to the city and people from the city go to the country for holidays.

42、 During the holidays, trains, buses and planes are all very busy. It s very hard to buy train tickets or air tickets. Many people take cars or buses for traveling. Last May Day, my family went to the country by car for our holiday. There was too much traffic on the road. So we had to move very slowl

43、y. It took us about an hour to get out of the town. After some time, we came to a hill. It was green and beautiful. We thought this was a good place for a picnic. So we stopped and took the food, fruit and drink out of the car. We sat down and began to eat. Suddenly a strong wind blew and soon it st

44、arted to rain. We had to run back to our car and have our picnic in the car. Then we drove back home. What a sad trip! 1. Why do peoples on holidays? _ 2. What often happens on holidays? _ 3. Why is it hard to buy train tickets or air tickets? _ 4. Where did the family go last May Day? _ 5. Did they

45、 have a good trip? Why or why not? _ (7) As the Internet gets more and more popular in China, Bill Gates and his Microsoft have become well-known to the Chinese young people. But few people know Michael Dell, another wizard( 天才 ) of the information age. Dell, 39, is head of Dell Computer, the second

46、 largest PC company in the United States. His company was able to defeat larger competitors( 对手 ) and sell the computers at lower prices because they didn t use the distributors(批发商 ). While he was a first-year student at the university of Texas, Dell used $1,000 to start a business selling computer

47、 accessories(配件 ). He would buy parts, put them together into upgradedpersonal computers and sell them directly to customers(顾客 ). He succeeded by keeping his mind firmly on doing business instead of making money. Dell sometimes returned to the university to speak to business students. One of them a

48、sked the young billionaire( 亿万富翁 ) why he still kept working. “ You ve got so much money, ” he said. “ Why don t you just sell out, and buy a boat and sail off to the Caribbean?” Dell looked at him and replied, “ Sailing is not that interesting. Do you have any idea how much fun it is to run a billion-dollar compa