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1、语言与应用语言学期末复习指导 广东电大兼职课程责任教师王强科副教授 一、 课程说明 “语言与语言学”是本科开放教育英语专业的限选课程之一。本课程的目的是使学生了解语言 这一抽彖的符号系统的形成和发展，以及它在人类生活的各个方面所产生的重要影响。着重要求学生 了解语言的重要功能以及它与民族、地区，政治等社会各方面的关系。课程的重点是提高学生对语言 一般规律的认识，并有助于他们对所学语言有更深刻的理解。 本课程采用的教材文字教材：由顾F1国教授主编，外语教学与研究出版社出版的语言与语 言学：实用手册（试用版）辅助教材：语言与语言学：实用手册中涉及的听力练习磁带两 盒，由北京外语音像出版社出版。 二
2、、 考试说明 本课程考核包括两部分：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占 20% ,课程终结考试占80%,终结考试为闭卷考试，考生不得携带任何教材、参考资料、电子读物或工 具书等。本课程终结考试的命题依据是中央广播电视大学本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学 大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”屮的语言与语言学：实用手册教材。 课程终结考试试题结构及分值比例 考试内容题型得分比例考试时间 1、对课程总体内容的了解选择填空、选词填空30% （15 小题） 90分钟 2、对语言和语言学基本原理 的理解 判断正误、情景配对30% （10 小题） 3、对语言和语言学专门知识 的理
3、解和分析 简答问题 20% （4小题） 4、运用理论知识分析语言现 象和问题 问题分析20% （1小题） 三. 复习要点 教材共分10个教学单元，每个单元的标题如下：第一单元：认识我们的语言Awareness of our language；第二单元：语言的物理属性Physical aspects of language ；第三单元：语言的符号性本 质The symbolic nature of language；第四单元：语言功能1：构筑我们对物质世界的感官认识 Language function: Organizing our experiences of the material wor
4、ld ；第五单元：语言功能2：以 言行事Language function: doing things with language ；笫六单元：语言功能3：协调处理人际关 系Language function: managing interpersonal relations；第七单元：语言功能4：说说谈谈 Language function: talk, talk and talk ；第八单元：语言与社会Language in society；第九单元 : 语 言、大脑、思维Language, brain and mind；第十单元：复习与课程评估General review and cou
5、rse assessment. 下面简要地描述了各个单元的核心内容。同学们在学习时可以参考。 Unit 1 Awareness of Our Language In English, when we use the word language without an indefinite or definite article, like “Language is a tool of communication, it means any language or all languages put together. Here is the first important point about
6、 this book: It is about language, not confined to any particular language. When English and Chinese are being talked about, they are used as two specific examples of language? So the title of Unit 1 reads: Awareness of Our Languag. In this context it means any language we as humans speak: It can be
7、Chinese, or English, or French, or German, or Japanese, or Russian, or many others, of course ? To summarize Unit 1 in one sentence, this sentence will be: we must appreciate the fact that we owe our humanity and civilization to language. Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what ma
8、kes us superior to all of them is our possession of language. In this unit we also attempt to seek an answer to the question: Is language inside or outside the brain? It is known as the nature-nurture controvcrsy. The position wc adopt is: humans arc bom with language capacity that enables them to a
9、cquire language, any language, during their fonnative years. They can also learn any foreign language through efforts in their adulthood ? Unit 2 Physical aspects of language. The key points of this unit are: what we hear, and what we read about are physical aspects of language: they are physical re
10、presentations of language ? Language can also be represented in many other ways such as Braille and British manual alphabet. Speech sounds arc given a detailed discussion, considering the fact that most of our learners are either in-service teachers or would-be teachers ? Unit 3 The symbolic nature
11、of language This is the most difficult unit, and at the same time a very important one. From Unit 1 we know that other animals including our closest cousins 一chimpanzees and apes, cannot learn a human language? What makes human language so unique is its symbolic nature ? Language in its symbolic nat
12、ure cannot be heard, or read, or seen or touched ? We have to find ways (i.e. media) to make it tangible to us. So as a linguist, our job is to see the tnie nature of language through its media. To help you understand this point, you can think of a situation like this: different media such as sounds
13、, writing systems, Braille, signs, etc. arc like different colourful skins that wrap language up. Unit 3 is to peel the colourful skins off to reveal the true nature. The best way to summarize this unit is the graphic picture on page 97, about the relationship between the abstract form / abstract ex
14、istence and material existence? Unit 4 Language function 1: organizing our experiences of the material world Up to now, we can see language as an abstract entity with tangible skins. From Unit 4 onwards, the focus of our attention is on what sort of things we do in using language? Technically we cal
15、l such understanding of language as functional analysis. There are four major functions which are discussed in four units? Unit 4 is on the function of organizing our experiences of the material world. We experience an object through our senses. This experience is vague, slippery and temporary. We u
16、se language to make it clear, frozen and stored for future use ? Unit 5 Language function 2: doing things with language This unit introduces the notion of speech acts ? We do speech acts all the time everyday: we make a request, ask a question, invite someone to dinner, apologize for being late, etc
17、., etc. Unit 6 Language function 3: managing interpersonal relations There arc all sorts of people and all sorts of relations in the social world. For example, there arc teacher-student relation, shop-keeper-customer relation, employer-employee relation, husband- wife relation, etc. Some people are
18、more powerful than others; some are older or more senior than others. All these differences in status, power, gender, and age are carefully handled through the use of language? Unit 7 Language function 4: Talk，talk and talk Most of our waking life is spent on talking, and a great deal of real busine
19、ss is done through talking. The examination of how talk is being carried out is a recent event in the history of linguistics. It is known as conversation analysis or discourse analysis. Unit 8 Language in society Up to now we have discussed four major functions of language: Wc use language to (1) or
20、ganize our experiences of the material world; (2) perfomi speech acts; (3) manage interpersonal relations; and (4) talk. This unit looks at language from a much broader perspective, namely language in a social and political context. Specifically we focus on language and identity, bilingualism, and l
21、anguage and politics. Unit 9 Language, brain and mind In Unit 1 we suggested that apes and chimpanzees could not learn human language because their brain is different from human brain .It is human brain that makes it possible for humans to develop language .In this unit we are going to take a closer
22、 look at the relationship between the brain/mind and language ? At this point you may want to know the difference between the brain and mind. The word brain here refers to the physiological substance inside the skull ? The word mind, on the other hand, refers to psychological activities we do by usi
23、ng the brain, activities such as thinking, perceiving, memorizing, imagining, getting emotional, and so on. The major issue of this unit is concerning language acquisition. For a child to acquire its mother tongue, it needs three things: (1) language exposure environment, (2) cognitive capacity, and
24、 (3) innateness ? Unit 10 General review and Course assessment As the title suggests, this unit tries to give you a general review of the previous nine units; it also gives you some idea of how to prepare for the course assessment. 四、语言学与应用语言学综合练习 Section One Checking content awareness of the course
25、: I. Complete the following items by providing the information based on the course book. 1.Humans arc different from animals because humans have _ .(languages) 2.Language is _ the brain and _ the brain at the same time.(inside, outside) 3.Before writing was invented, civilization was preserved throu
26、gh _ .(speech) 4.The ability of literacy of an individual is the symbol of his or her _ status, (social) 5.The study of English sound is the science of English _ ? (phonetics) 6.The speech sounds arc produced by _ ? (speech organs) 7.Writing is the _ form of language and speech is the _ form of lang
27、uage? (written, spoken) 8.The essence of language is its _ nature? (symbolic) 9.There are two kinds of names: _ name and _ name? (proper, category) 10. Unit 1 is entitled “ Awareness of Our Language. “Our language，refers to _ . (human language in general) 11. The emperors words were powerful, not be
28、cause they had _ power, but because the emperor had _ ? (magic, social and political power) 12. According to the author, the language you utter is both yours and not yours. It is yours because _ ，and it is not yours because _ ? ( you are responsible for what you have uttered, language belongs to the
29、 speech community, not to any individual speaker) 13. According to the author, _ and _ arc the two major physical aspects of language, (speech, writing) 14? In the written form of communication, there are two fundamental skills involved: _ and _ , whereas in the oral form of communication, there are
30、 also two fundamental skills: and _ ? (writing ，reading; speaking, listening) 15. Everyday wc have to copc with all sorts of relations. According to the author, the interpersonal relation are largely _ .(managed through language) 16. According to the author, we live not in one world, but in three wo
31、rld: _ ? (the material world, the subjective world, and the symbolic world) 17. In Unit 3, the author seems to suggest that the fact that readers find linguistics difficult to understand is largely because _ ? (language is abstract in nature) 18. According to the author our experiences of the world
32、are not chaotic, but _ through _. (organized, categorization) 19.According to the author, the best approach to linguistics is not learning it by rote, but _. (learning it by doing it) 20. Activity 1 of Unit 1 Professor Guide delivered a public lecture entitled “Be Grateful to Language“. The key mess
33、age Professor Guide wanted to drive home is _ .(Other animals cannot learn human language ?Human beings owe civilized and meaningful life to language.) 21. There are two of the most common ways of representing language: _ ? (Speech and writing) 22. According to the author, of the 10 units, the most
34、difficult one is Unit 3 ? Give the reason why the author says so. (Unit 3 deals with the symbolic nature of language?It is the abstract existenee of language.) 23. Unit 4 deals with issue of how we use language to organize our experiences of the material world. According to the author what do vve do
35、 with language when wc see an animal such as a pig? (We use the words like pig or zhu( 猪)to capture our experience of the animal. 24? Unit 5 is concerned with the function of doing things with language ? There is a technical term for doing things with language .It is _ ? (speech act) 25. Everyday we
36、 have to cope with all sort of relations. According to the author one of the important ways wc do so is _ . (through language) 26. The talk the teacher gives in class is technically called _ . (classroom discourse) 27. When a new nation is bom, one of its first things it does is _ ? (to choose its n
37、ational language.) 28. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in _ ? (left hemisphere) 29. In the course you are asked to do many tasks. All the tasks fall into diflerent types. What are the main task types? (awareness task, understan
38、ding task, analytic task) 30. Activity 2 of Unit 3 is entitled “ An Anatomy of the Word, The key issue dealt with is _ . (what makes a word a word) 31. According to the author, the best way to study linguistics is _ . (that you learn it by actually doing it yourself) 32. The terin _ refers to the ab
39、ility of early human beings in East Africa to walk upright, (homo habilis) 33?_ meaning is unstable and varies amongst language users- (Conceptual) 34. _ is the fourth function of language discussed in this textbook and has been a topic long ignored by linguistic experts ? (Talk) 35. Status and regi
40、onal identity can be linked to _ . (dialect) 36. According to this textbook the words brain and _ are interchangeable ? (mind) IL Choose those words or phrases that best complete the missing items. Note that there are more words or phrases than necessary. A. illocutionary naming abstraction learned
41、locutionary schema other-oriented self-oriented hedge 1. An old debate is the so called nature-nurture controversy concerning whether language already exists in the brain or whether it has to be _ ? (learned) 2 The process by which humans relate their experience of a real thing to naming it and putt
42、ing it into some form of category is called _ ? (abstraction) 3. A(n) _ act can be performed both directly and indirectly, (illocutionary) 4? If a person is unsure of how to respond to someone they may use a _ ? This act is likely to make the person less likely to be open to challenge by another per
43、son, (hedge) 5.The way in which peoples background knowledge is organized and stored in their minds is referred to by psycholinguists as _ . (schema) B. picture great Conceptual meaning Affective meaning How to do things with words Metaphorical extension speech Local accent hedge 6.Words are often a
44、ttached with _ ? (affected meaning) 7.系头is an example _ in the use of language ? (metaphorical extension) 8.J? L. Austin was well known for his posthumous work _ . (How to Do Things with Words) 9.In the sentence Tf may be the case that the Italian football team won the match二the italicized part is c
45、alled _ . (hedge) 10. Song Qin tried to hide her _ because it might betray her identity. (local accent) C. statement Gun and powder picture Great Human civilization Articulatory phonetics Phonological writings Speech pictograph ic Conventions writing ideographic 12. The task of _ is to provide a det
46、ailed account of how sounds are produced ? (articulatory phonetics) 13._ refer to those _ systems that have a close connection with the way languages arc pronounced ? (Phonological writings, writing) 14. Chinese writing is _ , rather than _ . (ideographic, pictographic) 15. Words do not stand for th
47、ings through _ consciously made by man. (conventions) D. Conventions egressive airflow genius great human civilization names social speech Words women 16. Language is as old as _ ? (human civilization) 17. It is wrong to assume that _ arc the persons so named ? (names) 18._ is only one of the ways t
48、hat represent language. (Speech) 19. Most of speech sounds are produced by _ ? Only a few are uttered by ingressive airflow. (egressive airflow) 20. Words do not stand for things through _ consciously made by man. (conventions) Section 2 Checking understanding of some general principles of language and linguistics IIL Give short answers to the following questions. You can answer them in your own words, or by using the exact expressions from the course book. Use examples to illustrate your point where necessary. 1.What is the relation between language and human