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1、专题一名 词 .名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普 名词。 专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名 公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。（见资料） 如：Yao Ming 姚明； China 中国； Christmas 圣诞节等。 . 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数 名词和 不可数名词。 1可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。 注意： a 用于以辅音音素 ( 指音标 ) 开头的单数名词前； an 用于以元音音素 ( 指音
2、标 ) 开头的单数名词前。 如：a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/ aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/ aua/ 2不可数名词 : 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。 (1) 物质名词。如： water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken( 鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。 这类不可数名词需要计
3、量时要在名词前加 表示量的词。如： a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water 等。 (2) 抽象名词。如： news; music; time(时间); information等。 (3) 不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。 (4) 注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。 如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定 要区分它们表达的不同意义。 . 名词的数 1. 可数名词复数形式的规则变化： 情况构成方法读音例词 一般情况加 -s 清辅音后读 /s
4、/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等 结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches Wish-wishes/ box-boxes 以ce, se, ze,等 结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母 +y结 尾 变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies 以f 或fe 结尾的名 词, 变f 或fe 为v, 再 加es 读 /vz/ shelf shelves, wolf wolves, lifelives, knife knives.
5、 2. 可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化 (1) 元音或词尾发生变化 如：man men; woman women; Frenchman Frenchmen; tooth teeth; foot feet; childchildren (2) 单复数形式相同 如：sheepsheep; fishfish; ChineseChinese; Japanese Japanese; yuanyuan (3) 形式为单数意思为复数如：people ，police （集合名词） (4) 形式为复数意思为单数如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。 (5) 只用复
6、数形式如： pants, shorts, clothes，glasses( 眼镜) 等。 3. 不可数名词的量的表示： （不能直接用数字； 不能直接加 a。an；无复数形式） (1) 表不定数量时，一般用 much ，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等 词修饰。 (2) 表确定数量时，一般用“数词量词of 不可数名词。 如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water （1） . 名词的所有格： 1. 有生命的名
7、词所有格 (1) 单数名词后加 s 。如：my brother s book (2) 不以s 结尾的复数名词后加 s 。如：the childrens football (3) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 。如：the boys game (4) 以s 结尾的专有名词后直接加 。如：Dickens novels (5) 某物为两个名词共有时， 在第二个名词后加 s : 如：Tom and Davids room. (6) 表示两个名词各自拥有的东西， 在两个名词后都加 s: 如： Tom s and Davids rooms. 2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格(of 所有格 ) (1)of 名词。
8、如： a photo of my family, the door of the classroom 注意：“ of 名词 s/ 名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格如：a friend of mine, a friend of Jims。 (2) 表示时间或距离，国家，城市的方法。也可用s来构成所有格 如：ten minutes drive 十分钟车程； a months holiday一个月的假期。 Chinas capital (3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面 的名词一般被省去。 如：at his brother s; at the doctor s;
9、at the barker s; at Mr Read s (4) 用所有格表示节日的方法：如：Teachers Day; Childrens Day . （除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。） 如：Mothers Day; Fathers Day. （5） . 由some 、 any、 no、 every 与one、 body 结合的复合不定代词 something 、 anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在 else 的后面。 This is _(somebody else ) pencil . 四、名词作句子成分： 1. 名词作主语 1). 表示时间、
10、金钱、 距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Two hours _(be) enough for us to get there . 2). 量词短语“数字 +量词+ of +”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。 A pair of shoes _(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _(be) on the desk . 3). 名词+介词（with 、except 、along with . ）+名词作主语时，谓语动 词应与前面的名词保持一致。 The teacher with the students _(be) planting trees o
11、n the hill . 4). 短语“ neither nor、either or、not only but also ”连接 主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。 Neither he nor I _ (be) a Frenchman . 2. 名词作定语 1). 名词作定语时， 一般用单数形式。 变复数时， 名词中的中心词变为复数形 式。 如：a banana tree banana trees; a shoe factoryshoe factories There is a shoe factory near the school . 2). 名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport
12、) The sports meeting will be held next week . 3).man 、woman 作定语表示性别时， man 、woman 随后面的名词单复数而变。 one man teacher two women teachers （2） 词类 一 名词 ( ) 1.（2009 广州） You look very tired this morning. What did you do yesterday afternoon? I did _ Christmas shopping. A. a lot of B. a few of C. a number of D. a
13、piece of ( ) 2.（ 2009武汉） Why do you get up so early in the morning, Tracy ？ I generally make it a _ to be up by 7 to read English. A. plan B. wish C. secret D. rule ( ) 3.（ 2009武汉） Do the dishes, Mike, or I will tell mum! Mind your own _ ,Sue! A. action B. duty C. business D. Way ( ) 4.（ 2009广州） The
14、 letter from my uncle was short. There wasnt_ news. A. many B. a few C. much D. few ( ) 5.（ 2009威海） -Why didn t you take a taxi back last night? -Because I didn t have any_with me. A. food B. bicycle C. friend D. money ( ) 6.（ 2009成都） John always says that he likes apples of all the _ . A. vegetable
15、s B. fruits C. drinks ( ) 7.（ 2009江西） -You look worried. What s your _ ? -I have trouble learning English. A. name B. question C. problem D. job ( ) 8.（ 2009南京） -Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do? -I m afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. A. choice B. decision C. reason D.
16、 information ( ) 9.（ 2009河南） I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. noodles ( ) 10.（ 2009 宜 昌 ） -In my opinion, China has more _to deal with the disease ofA/H1N1. -I quite agree with you. Chinese medicine works well. A. advantages B. intere
17、sts C. equipments D. materials ( ) 11.（2009娄底） It s said that you have moved into a new house. Yeah，and we need to buy some_ in the mall nearby. A. food B. furniture C. hamburger ( )12.（2009 孝感） All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. wo
18、man D. women ( ) 13.（2009 湖北孝感） Emma, who are you taking _ of at home? My grandma, she got hurt in an accident. A. place B. part C. seat D. care ( ) 14.（2009 山西） -How can I see thick snow in most northern parts of China? -You have to wait till _ comes, Steve. A. summer B. autumn C. winter ( ) 15.（20
19、09 山西） Let s get some _ about tourism on the Internet. A. information B. message C. invention ( ) 16.（2009无锡）_ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _ teachers. A. A number of ; women B. A number of ; woman C. The number of ; women D. The number of ; woman ( ) 17.（2009
20、 绥德） Mike and his friend are going to the _ to see the new action movie tonight. A. book shop B. restaurant C. concert D. cinema (3) ( ) 18.(2009.安徽 )-Shall we go shopping now? -Sorry. It s not the right _. I m too tired. A. way B. weather C. place D. moment ( ) 19.（2009.安徽） -I m afraid I can t get
21、there before 9 o clock. -That s OK. There s _ . A. no way B. no wonder C. no doubt D. no hurry ( ) 20.（ 2009.漳州） -What makes you so upset? -I wanted to explain why I was late, but Mr. White didn t give me a(n) _. A. way B. chance C. idea D. excuse ( ) 21.（2009 通化） We need to come up with a/an _ and
22、make a decision at once. A. information B. advice C. idea D. news ( ) 22.（2009 德州） Look at the flowers! They are in different _: red, yellow, pink A. colors B. sizes C. prices D. names ( ) 23.（2009 恩施） I d like _ grapes and pears. Oh, I only need _ orange juice. A. some; a few B. a few; some C. a li
23、ttle; few D. a little; a few ( )2 4.（2009 阜康）What would you like to drink? _, please. A. Rice B. Meat C. Water D. Bread ( ) 25.（2009 朝阳） -You look very young, Mrs. Green. Could you tell me how old you are? -Oh, sorry. It s a(n) _ . A. problem B. instruction C. secret D. business ( ) 26.（2009 安顺） We
24、should not eat _ meat. A. too many B. much too C. too much D. many too ( ) 27.（2009 安顺） I don t understand the story though there are _ new words in it. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little ( ) 28.（2009 安顺） This is not my dictionary. It s _ . She lent it to me this morning. A. my sister B. my siste
25、rs C. my sister s D. my sisters ( ) 29.（2009 安顺） A school in Anshun held an activity c alled “ Recommend(推荐 ) Books to Your Teachers” . The students made a _ of 1,0000 books! A. note B. line C. menu D. list ( ) 30.（2009 莆田） -I feel thirsty. I want something to drink. What about you? -OK. Let s go an
26、d buy some _ . A. orange B. bread C. chocolate ( ) 31.（2009 莆田） Hurry up. There is _ time left. A. a little B. little C. few 32.(2010内江 ) Well,you look so happy! -Because Ive got a good _. A.work B. news C.job D. ideas ( ) 33. (2010上海 )You can get much_about the World Expo on the Internet. A.map B.p
27、icture C.ticket D.information ( ) 34. (2010上海 )The customers are pleased with the_of the restaurant. A.balance B.experience C.surface D.service ( ) 35. (2010晋江 ) Lily has a silk _. Listen, she is singing in the next room! - How nice!. A. look B. noise C. voice ( ) 36.（2010通化） We need to come up with
28、 a/an_and make a decision at once. A.information B.advice C.idea D.news ( ) 37.(2010湖州 )-Would you like some _? -No,thank you.I m not hungry at all. A.water B.books C.clothes D.bread (4) ( )38.（2010荆州 ) When will the 2010 World Expo(世博会 ) come to a close? It ll close at the end of _. A. September B.
29、 October C. November D. December ( )39.（2010武汉） Why are you still waiting in line? -I ve missed my _ . 全品中考网 A. place B. order C. turn D. time ( )40.(2010河南 )It was very hard for me to make a_but J decided to leave my job. A suggestion B decision C plan D speech ( )41.（2010黄冈） Good news. We will hav
30、e a _holiday. -I ve heard of it.But it s coming in_. A.three days ; three days timeB.three days; three days C.three-day; three days D.three days; three-day time ( )42.（2010聊城） Why not go to Qingdao on May Day,Jim? -I m afraid it s not a good _.I have been there several times. A.way B.place C.advice
31、D.idea ( )43.（2010阜康） ( )Mr Black gave us _on how to learn English well. A.an advice B.many advices C.some advice D.some advices ( )44.（2010黄石）With whom did you watch 2010 World Cup Opening Ceremony ? _. A. A friend of mine B. A friend of me C. A friend of my sister D. A friend of you ( )45. （2010 荆
32、门）Oh, my god! The kids are making too much_ here. I can t do anything. A. sound B. Voice C. Noise D. footstep ( )46.（2010襄樊） What s your job , Henry? I m a _ ,I work late . Im very busy when people go out to dimters . A. waiter B. reporter C. teacher D. nurse ( )47.(2010鸡西 )How many _can you see in
33、the picture? Only one. A. Dog B. sheep C. child D. tree ( )48.（2010定西 ) What s your? I like swimming. A. job B. age C.hobby D. number ( )49.(2010定西 )What would you like ，sir? . A. Two pop 全品 B. Two bottles pop C. Two bottles of pop D. Two bottle of pop ( )50.（2010莱芜） I have a_ for breakfast everyday
34、. A. hot dog B. Cookie C. Dumpling D. hamburger ( )51.(2010哈尔滨 )A low-carbon( 低碳 ) lifestyle has _ effect on our daily life. People are paying more and more attention to saving _ these days. A. the, energies B. a, energy C. an, energy ( )52. (2010 三明 )What a fine day! Shall we go hiking, Bob? -I d l
35、ove to.But is s not the right _.I am busy now. A.place B.moment C.weather ( )53.（2010天津） If you work hard,you ll get good _. A.grades B.notes C.lessons D.answers ( )54.（2010泰安） Lucy, do you like _? -Yes.Most of my clothes are _. A.an orange an orange B.orange ,orange C.oranges ,oranges D.orange,an o
36、range ( )55.（2010青海 a desk;不定冠 词an 用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如：an old man; an actor; an “ m”。 (3)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如：There is a book on the desk, but the book isn t mine. (4)表示人或事物的某一类。如：An elephant is bigger than a tiger. (5)用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一 ”的意思，相当 every 如： three times a week. (6) 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念
37、没有one强烈。 I have a computer. (7) 用在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one. (8) 可视为一个整体的两个名词前eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉 (9) 用在某些固定词组中：如：have a good time; have a swim ,have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for a long time, a few ,a little ,at a time ,
38、2定冠词 the的用法 (1) 用来特指某人或某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词前如：Open the door, please. (2)用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new. (3) 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如：the sun; the moon; the earth; the Sky (4)用在序数词或形容词最高级前，如：March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class. (5)用在某些形容词前，表示一类人。如：t
39、he rich; the poor; the young; the old等。 (6)用在西洋乐器名词前。如：play the violin (7)用在表示方位的名词前。如：in the east/north/west/south (8)用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词 或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House 等 (9)用在姓氏复数形式前， 表示“全家人”或 “夫妻俩”。 eg： The Greens are watchingTV No
40、w (10) 用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the.the. ” 的句式中， 表示 “ 越 越” 。如： The more, the better. (11) 用于固定搭配中。all the same 仍然； all the time 一直； at the moment 此刻； at the same time同时； by the way 顺便说； do the shopping/washing 买东西 /洗衣服； in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午 /下午/晚上 in the open air 在户外，在野外 3零冠词的用法 (1)棋类活动 ,球类运动
41、 ,一日三餐，学科名词前不用任何冠词play chess play football have supper We all like English. 特例：当 football ，basketball 指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词：I can see a football （1） 我可以看到一只足球。Where s the football ？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类 运动” ) (2)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。 如：I don t feel well today, Mum./ This is Professor Li/ /Hello, Lily.
42、(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前，用零冠词. 如：Teachers Day; Mother s Day; on Monday; in May; in summer 但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节，需在月份或季节前加the, eg：The winter in 2008 was very cold. (4)名词前已有物主代词 (my，your，his，her等)、指示代词 (this/these ，that/those)、 不定代词 (some ，any等)及名词所有格修饰时 ,不用冠词my book(正)；my the book(误) (5)有些专有名词 , 如人名 ,地名,国家名，抽
43、象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。 如： China; Japanese; milk; love 等。Jim lives in China. (6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词We can t live without water./ Horses are good animals. (7)用在“专有名词 +普通名词” 构成的街名， 路名，山名等名词前Hainan Island / Nanjing Road (8) by与火车等交通工具连用，用零冠词 eg：by bus/ by train/by car/ by bike 注意： take a bus/ on the bike/ in
44、a boat (9)在某些固定搭配里 ,名词之前常不用冠词 . QQ378459309制作 如on foot; at home; at night; from morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。 (10)用与不用冠词的差异 in hospital住院 / in the hospital在医院里 in front of在(外部的 )前面 / in the front of在(内部的 )前面 at table 进餐/ at the table 在桌子旁by sea 乘船/ by the sea 在 海边 go to s
45、chool(church )上学(做礼拜 ) /go to the school(church )到学校 (教堂 ) 去 two of us我们当中的两人/ the two of us我们两人 (共计两人 ) a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家 (一个人 )/a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一 位作家 (两个人 ) 【中考演练】一. . 单项填空 1.This morning I had-egg and a bottle of milk for my br eakfast. A. an B. a C. the D./ 2. - What s the
46、 matter with you? -I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _. A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the 3. -Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this mor ning. -Is it _ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 4. _ sun is shining brightly. A. A B. An C. The D. / 5. The
47、re is _ “h”in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./ 6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian? Yes. I had _ wonderful time. A. a B. an C. the D. / 7. _ sun is bigger than _ earth. A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the （2） 8. There is _ apple and some pears on the table. A. the B./ C. a D. an 9. David has _ cat. It s very nice. A. a B. an C. the D./ 10. I m reading _ novel. It is _ interesting st ory. A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an 11It is said that SARS has