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1、Lung cancer,Main pointer,Clinical manifestation Diagnosis procedure Differential diagnosis,Malignant tumors are cancer. They can invade and damage nearby healthy tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. That is how cancer
2、spreads and forms tumors in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis.,Definition : Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus.,Lung Cancer Facts & Figures Lung cancer is especially common among men in North America
3、, Europe, and Oceania. At the moment, lung cancer rates are higher than ever before among the people of central and Eastern Europe. In Japan, lung cancer has increased tenfold in men and eightfold in women since 1950. In addition, Chinese women, many of whom are nonsmokers, have very high lung cance
4、r rates. This phenomenon has been associated with exposure to cooking oil vapors and other forms of air pollution in the indoor environments of China.,The trachea splits into right and left main stem bronchi. The main stem bronchi are the major air passages from the trachea to the lungs and are simi
5、lar to the trachea in tissue composition. The main stem bronchi enter each lung and progressively branch off into paired subdivisions throughout the entire organ (the tracheobronchial tree).,Causes,It is estimated that tobacco smoking causes 80% of lung cancer deaths in men and 75% of lung cancer de
6、aths in women. The more cigarettes that are smoked each day and the younger the age at which smoking began, the greater the risk of lung cancer .,Competing risk factors such as secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, occupational exposures, age, race, sex, and heredity also may play a role in lung cancer
7、 development (see Lung Cancer Risk Factors). Additionally, there are some studies suggesting that lung cancer may be prevented by dietary micronutrients such as carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium.,Environmental Risk Factors Alcohol Diet and Body Mass Non-modifiable Risk Factors Age Race
8、 Sex,Types,squamous cell carcinoma,squamous epithelium of the lungs or bronchi adenocarcinoma, cancer of the glandular tissue large cell carcinoma, cancer composed of large-sized cells broncho-alveolar carcinoma,Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC),Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) includes squ
9、amous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.,Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC),Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) accounts for approximately 20% of all primary lung cancers The histologic distinction between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer is extremely important
10、. There are substantial differences between the two groups in both treatment and prognosis.,Symptoms,People often decide to visit the doctor only after they have been bothered by certain complaints over a period of time. Individuals who have lung cancer frequently experience symptoms such as:,Cough
11、Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest pain Hemoptysis (bloody, coughed-up sputum) Loss of appetite Weight loss Pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs),Other symptoms that are associated with lung cancer include:,Weakness Chills Swallowing difficulties Speech difficulties or changes (e.g., hoarseness) Fin
12、ger/nail abnormalities (e.g., clubbing, or overgrowth of the fingertip tissue) Skin paleness or bluish discoloration,Diagnosis,1.If sputum analysis does not provide a definite diagnosis, more tests will be needed. 2.Bronchoscopy, a visual examination of lung branches using a flexible scope performed
13、 by a pulmonologist 3.X-ray,X-RAY,Chest radiograph (X-ray) to see whether there are enlarged lymph nodes in the chest or a localized mass in the lungs. CT scan, a computer-assisted technique that produces cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),正常胸片,右肺下叶背段癌,肺癌胸片,右肺下叶周围型肺
14、癌楔型切除术（1）,周围型肺癌CT片,周围型肺癌胸片,Staging,T = tumor size N = node involvement M = metastasis status,Click here for image enlargement.,胸内淋巴结分布,Treatment,As is true of many cancers, the treatment of lung cancer depends upon a variety of factors. The most important factors are the pathologic type of tumor and
15、 its stage. Once a lung cancer has been staged, the physician and patient can discuss treatment options. An individual then has a better idea of the value of different forms of therapy. Other factors that are taken into account include the persons general health, medical problems that may affect tre
16、atment (such as chemotherapy), and tumor characteristics.,Surgical resection, or cutting away, of the tumor generally is indicated for disease that has not spread beyond the lung. Such resection may be conducted using a variety of techniques.,Recently, surgeons have developed other less invasive pro
17、cedures for the removal of tumorous tissue. For example, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), uses a video camera to help visualize and operate upon the lung within the chest cavity.,If the tumor is more aggressive and/or widespread, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (radiation therapy) also may be necessary. In addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, other treatments are now available for the management of lung cancer.,