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1、Lecture 19 Make do with/on; Let drop/ fall; Let fly (at); Let slip; Let/leave go of; Hear tell of; Let go hang;,4)在感官动词和使役动词后要用不带to的不定式 不带to的不定式作宾补： 宾补省to记, 一感二听三使役; 五看一帮两均可, 被动用to不能弃. 一感：feel 二听： hear, listen to 三使役：have, make, let, 五看：watch, notice, look at , see, observe 一帮：help 例： I watched him
2、disappear in the distance,被动用to不能弃: The boy was seen to play football . The girl was heard to sing a song in the bedroom. 一帮两均可： I helped the blind man cross the road. I helped the blind man to cross the road.,In-class Practice,Exercise 19A P 223-224,不定式符号的省略,1）当两个或更多相同的不定式用and 或 or并列使用时，除第一个不定式带to
3、外其余的不加。 She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back 2）如果两者有比较关系，那么每个不定式前都得加to To try and fail is better than not to try at all . 3）当三个或三个以上带to不定式构成排比结构时， 所有的不定式符号均保留。,不定式符号to与介词to的辨别问题,Exercise 19D P229,IV. Syntactic functions of infinitives,Infinitive can function as the following
4、elements in sentences: 1. Subject 2. Predicative/ Subject Complement 3. Attributive 4. Object 5. Object Complement 6. Adverbial,1. Subject,E.g. To accept the job would mean moving to Florida. To act like that is childish. To err is human, to forgive, divine. To see is to believe.,Difference between
5、Infinitive as Subject and Gerund as Subject: 不定式表示具体或一次性的动作，也可表示将来的动作, 动名词表示经常或泛指的动作。 E.g. To move this heavy box is not easy. Climbing mountains is interesting. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.,Attention,_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old A walked BWalking CTo walk DWalk,2.
6、_insuch a shorttimeisreallyhardATomakehighscoresBMakinghighscores CTomakelow goalDMakinglowgoal,Quiz：,Exercise,2010 & 2001 TEM-4: 65. _ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work. A. To be not tall B. Not being tall C. Being not tall D. Not to be tall,“it” as formal Subject, infinitiv
7、e as the real Subject,Its +adj. +(for/of sb) +to do Its +n. + to do It + v. +Object + to do Its + prepositional phrase + to do,Its important for English majors to read English newspapers. Its kind of you to lend me your I-phone. Its an honor to meet you here. Its parents duty to look after their chi
8、ldren. It requires patience to be a teacher. It amuses me to hear the joke. It takes two to make a quarrel. Its against my principle to accept the bribery. Its beyond me to change his point of view.,Examples,Attention,Its + adj. +,for sb,of sb,to do,大多数的形容词后面选用介词for，但当形容词是表示性格特征和行为表现时，其后介词选用of。也就是说如
9、果形容词能够改为sb. is + adj.这样的搭配，则常用 of. E.g. Its foolish of him to meet her again. Its careless of her to break the cup. Its stupid of her to make such a mistake. Its necessary for us to watch English films.,Exercise,2003 TEM-4 47. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _for that. A. f
10、or us to be prepared B. that we are prepared C. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared,Its + adj./n. +,to do,doing,大多数的形容词和名词后面都用不定式，但是出现以下形容词或名词（短语）的时候，则多用动名词：worthwhile, useless, fun, no good, no use, a waste of + E.g. Its useless arguing with him. Its worthwhile watching the movie. Its a wast
11、e of time talking to her. Its great fun playing badminton with you.,Exercise,2010 TEM-4 61. In the sentence Its no use waiting for her, the italicized phrase is_. A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject,2. Subject Complement/ Predicative,1)不定式作主补语（表语）一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作 E.g. To
12、do two things at a time is to do neither. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 2) 如果主语是不定式，主补语（表语）也多用不定式 To see is to believe. To work means to earn a living. 3) 如果主语是以aim， ambition, duty， goal, happiness, hope， idea，intention, plan, purpose，wish等抽象名词为中心，或以what引导的名词性从句，多用不定式作主补语（表语）。 Bruno
13、s intention was to win the game. The purpose of this meeting is to elect a new captain. Her ambition is to be a scientist.,Attention,Difference between Infinitive as Predicative and Gerund as Predicative: 不定式作主补语（表语），表示具体的、将来的动作，而动名词作表语，则多表示抽象的一般性形为。 E.g. Our work is serving the people. His hobby is
14、 collecting stamps. Refer to the textbook P230-232,SVC结构，逻辑主语还是逻辑宾语？,Henry was happy to hear it. = Henry was happy when he heard it. Mary is easy to teach. =It is easy to teach Mary.,Ex. 判断主句主语是不定式的逻辑主语还是宾语？,1. He was fortunate to escape being injured. 2. The coffee is bitter to taste. 3. He is fool
15、ish to meet her again. 4.The chicken is ready to eat. 5. The bed is comfortable to sleep on. 6. I was surprised to see how angry he was. 7. We are ready to make the attempt.,3. Attributive Refer to the textbook P234-235,不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。,1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：,(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of
16、 work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。,2. 不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，即使是及物动词，不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。,3. 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。,请给我一支写字的笔.,Please give me
17、a pen to write with.,4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。,注意比较：,Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是you） 2. Do you have anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？ （不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else）,Exercise,2015 TEM-4: 60. Which of the following ital
18、icized parts indicates a subject-verb relation? A. The man has a large family to support. B. She had no wish to quarrel with her brother. C. He was the last guest to leave. D. Mary needs a friend to talk to.,C,P234 ,Exercise,2013 TEM-4: 61. Which of the following italicized parts serves as an apposi
19、tive? A. He is not the man to draw back. B. Tony hit back the urge to tell a lie. C. Larry has a large family to support. D. There is really nothing to fear.,B,P234 ,I want to go home. The workers demanded to get better pay. I found it necessary to talk to him again.,4. Object,think/ consider/ find
20、it + adj.+ to do,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有： hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan.,Attention,“it” as formal object, infinitive as the real object E.g. I think it a good idea to cooperate with each other. We all think it important to work hard. I find it easy to get along wit
21、h Nancy. He considers it his duty to safeguard world peace. He made it a rule to walk two miles a day.,Attention,V + wh-/how + to do E.g. He discovered how to open the safe. You must learn how to be patient. Have you decided what to do next? She didnt know whether to turn left or right. They dont kn
22、ow where/when to go.,5. Object Complement P237-238,E.g. I advised him to take a taxi, or he might be late. The student wanted me to go with him. Weve invited the professor to have dinner with us. People are not allowed to smoke people. You are forbidden to take your dog to the bus. The students were
23、 required to hand in their papers before May. The government urged the police to investigate the case as soon as possible.,The teacher told me to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help.,6. 宾补,二看,watch,see,look at,三使,let,make,have,一听,listen to,hear,四注意:,feel,warn, tell, allow, help,
24、ask, force等,notice,五感觉:,6. Adverbial,1) Adverbial of purpose: E.g. He will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. She stood up to be seen better. He stood aside for her to enter. As if to remind him, the clock struck 11. To find a good job, you must study hard at college.,Attention,
25、in order (not) to so as (not) to E.g. He open the window so as to get some fresh air. My father got up early in order to have enough time to pack. He left so early so as not to miss the last train. We started early in order not to be late for the concert.,6. Adverbial,2) Adverbial of result: E.g. In
26、 1935, he left home never to return. What a fool he was to marry that woman! He must have annoyed you very much for you to speak to him like that. He got to the station only to be told that the train had left. He hurried home only to find that his father was dead. I went to the cinema only to be tol
27、d that all the tickets had been sold out.,Exercise,1999 TEM-4: 42. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _ by the police each time. A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured,Attention,soas to, such
28、as to, tooto, enoughto E.g. Would you be so kind as to post the letter for me? His work was so good as to make him well-known in the city. The Italian football team played so well as to defeat the Brazilians. His indifference was such as to make all of us despair. His behavior is such as to make his
29、 friends angry. It was too cold for us to go out. You are too young to understand it. This coffee is too hot for me to drink. It was cold enough to freeze our fingers. He plays the violin well enough to perform at a concert.,Exercise,2005 TEM-4: 53. His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting.
30、 A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to,6. Adverbial,3) Disjunct: 评注性状语 /独立结构 E.g. To be honest/ frank, I dont think much of it. To begin with, I think you are wrong. To tell the truth, I forgot all about your request. To put it bluntly, that student is sure to fail. George is a very
31、good boy, to be sure. To put it in another way, you failed the exam.,关于小品词to,(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词.,eg: Would you like to go with me ? Id like to .,(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省.,eg: Would you like to be a teacher? Id like to be.,不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what 等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,He didn
32、t know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语),注意：,在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest?,My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. gi
33、ve up D. given up 2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining 3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being,B,D,C,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. to have
34、woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn 6.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off,B,D,C,7.-How do you deal with the
35、disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made 8. -What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _. school to study in B. school for children to st
36、udy C. studying school D. school to study,B,A,9. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned 10.We find it impossible for the work _ ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished 11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why
37、 not _ there by boat for a change? to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go,B,D,B,12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made 13. I would rather starve to death than _ for food. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg 14.The boy pretende
38、d _ when his mother entered. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,A,A,C,Exercise,1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it
39、 more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make 3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects,4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to se
40、e B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it 6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C
41、. how D. why,7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.
42、A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,10. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating 11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having
43、gone 12. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented,13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 14. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 15. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make,