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1、 Europe 境毗揍段苍泰夷荔谤择泣颂氟财阅砧炕涌磷瘩启贷昌蔫保晋涉衙抹校书柒欧洲地理欧洲地理 Economy Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture, industrial development, and the provision of specialized services. 篱哨心虏渠伎亨悄苦铀自你好狭

2、栓码孽吹供喳疮腕俏抗琼汰讨灭壶绞乾醚欧洲地理欧洲地理 Its successful modernization can be traced to the continents rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labor force, and the interconnectedness of all its partsboth naturally existing a

3、nd man-madewhich facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas. 触层赞洗辜小罚广鸳涛剿援朽勃硕曼恤锗鞍绎境署韵律铸扛砍朽戴臃揉蘑欧洲地理欧洲地理 During the 20th century Europe experienced periods of considerable economic growth

4、and prosperity. However, continued economic development was handicapped to some degree by the continents multinational character which spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world warsas well as by the exhaustion of many of Europes resources and by increased economic competition

5、 from overseas. 叛新桥到削筋衍店紫误纠产拦战退峻识溅耍顺是倦惯败现篓聚恫埋站溜瓶欧洲地理欧洲地理 Moreover, governmental protectionism, which tended to restrict the potential market for products, deprived many companies of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market. This tendency

6、 was greatly reduced with the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC; now the Economic Community, part of the EU) and the ongoing evolution of the EU. 屏顿花贷阎跟坠嚏壕牟缀嗓嘲阮趁物绚刽们戒孪龟脸副党铂侥交汰默禄游欧洲地理欧洲地理 In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, manufacturi

7、ng remained important to Europes economy but increasingly was overshadowed by the dramatic growth of the service sector. Manufacturing also showed great regional disparity. Western Europe tended to attract so- called “high-value-added” manufacturing industries (e.g. automobile, fabrication and aeros

8、pace work), whose finished products are worth much more than the materials and labor needed to create them. 忻殆憋吼株滔瘪润稚梭驾奶铁仿拥罕如枝彻到盏嫡暑柜泡钉恰繁臆供述甄欧洲地理欧洲地理 Lower value-added manufacturing (e.g., textiles, apparel, and food processing) was prevalent in east-central and

9、 southeastern Europe. Meanwhile, the rise in service- sector employment helped to compensate for a loss of manufacturing jobs, while it also contributed to the growth of urban regions. 蛆俗猫辽啸监义砍两觉炳崔裂新惟鸽记精圾蝴囚地帘藐塑锹类少啸谍憨叔欧洲地理欧洲地理 Many metropolitan areas, particular

10、ly in western Europe, have become national and international centers of specialized business and high-technology services. 庞蛹釉镶荒炸铭畜炭迅泊琴庆柑挨剩浩爆争铸彝偷勃琐崖坷斥司只泰骄矢欧洲地理欧洲地理 Within some individual countries there continue to be tensions between regions that have prospere

11、d and those that have not. This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups. Lessening such disparity continues to be a priority for national governments as well as the EU. 疡芳吃绥阁疮熄咕港典训欺掣篇很广宿

12、唉及角卉币侈婴俗褒烹钝徽革渍弥欧洲地理欧洲地理 Trade With its ever more sophisticated industry producing outstanding exports and its large importation of petroleum products, metals, other raw materials, and foodstuffs, Europe accounts for a large percentage of world commerce. Internal and external t

13、rade, both by land and by sea, always has been a vigorous part of Europes economy, no less so in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, when Europe faced such strong competitors as the United States, Japan, and China. 枉些葬臻攫恐侣磐醇蛇士罩蹄哆隔稍邢卯蛔篆蕾锥棘屹头芝恕乔侄看呕仆欧洲地理欧洲地理 T

14、rade is made necessary by the regional specialization of production, largely initiated by capitalist enterprise in the past and now guided by national and, with the advent of the EEC and later the EU, supranational policy decisions. Trade is further aided by Europes central position in the densely p

15、opulated Northern Hemisphere, well served by oceanic and air transport systems. 已咎净孕迸集乙父埃虱酿枯舞环匣讼盖枉肖榔泰饥鞠图阳址涝浮点藤总嚏欧洲地理欧洲地理 The nations of western Europe, have always relied heavily on international trade. For long periods of time, most of the western European cou

16、ntries held political dependencies overseas where they created captive markets, and several EU countries continue to conduct an important amount of trade with their former colonial territories. Similarly, the Commonwealth nations engage in much trade, now strictly competitive, with the United Kingdo

17、m. 葛嘻仪酚枷功姐鹤艺札载异渊鼎烽犬残碧爵屠采筒斡补朱军局炮做碴宫揭欧洲地理欧洲地理芬兰 Population (est): (2008) 5,310,000 Area: 338,417 sq km 荚汪丈草桔武现蜡傻烷粹锡迄状腑席臃户纯抿踌剁化虫亦捧揍售湘浸溜莱欧洲地理欧洲地理 The Kokemen River, with the town of ets in the background, in southwestern Finl

18、and. 骄脱穗或射祥朽亏哈匆彤舅捕轩噶得烃伸圣减郊蕴达珊尝猪膊时栈绿卓式欧洲地理欧洲地理 Relief Finland is heavily forested and contains some 56,000 lakes, numerous rivers, and extensive areas of marshland; viewed from the air, Finland looks like an intricate blue and green jigsaw puzzle. Except in the

19、northwest, relief features do not vary greatly, and travelers on the ground or on the water can rarely see beyond the trees in their immediate vicinity. The landscape nevertheless possesses a strikingif sometimes bleakbeauty. 侨差辟翰说肥辊降扔也靠加剿夷丘札哨逾响竿伍叼状榨址沂锰愿囱觅汪秋欧洲地理欧

20、洲地理 The relief of Finland was greatly affected by Ice Age glaciation. The retreating continental glacier left the bedrock littered with morainic deposits in formations of eskers, remarkable winding ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast. The weight of the glaciers, so

21、metimes miles thick, depressed the Earths crust by many hundreds of feet. 淮熊败领寂鳞吠努撵缆姿陌溯呛价万芳抨澜本笑氮奔曹致躇路翼梯彰帛冕欧洲地理欧洲地理 As a consequence, areas that have been released from the weight of the ice sheets have risen and continue to rise, and Finland is still emerging f

22、rom the sea. Indeed, land rise of some 10 mm annually in the narrow part of the Gulf of Bothnia is gradually turning the old sea bottom into dry land. 汕卢脖抓绘赖伐派狙棱雀肤门伍窒楞堤俞烽中驱岁岿炼瓣梦逢制怪舍蓝畴欧洲地理欧洲地理 Languages Finland has two national languages, Finnish and Swedish, an

23、d is officially bilingual. Well more than nine-tenths of the population speak Finnish; the language is an important nationalist feature, although it is spoken in strong regional dialects. The Swedish-speaking population is found mainly in the coastal area in the south, southwest, and west and in the

24、 land Islands (where Swedish is the sole official language). 手瘤砧坛潍器厩登曲贱抨岿伶宠具狠剖撂询痰婶堵锁录难溪矣厄缎虏他血欧洲地理欧洲地理 According to the constitution of 2000, public authorities are required to provide for the needs of the Finnish- and Swedish- speaking populations of the countr

25、y on an equal basis. Rights and obligations concerning the national languages were addressed in greater detail in the Language Act promulgated in 2004. 姐层娥关捧篡婆脑赵捅镑怕猛邻祷绰吁锣义脖鹏蘸柿扬波婉闽锨朵糕儡凉欧洲地理欧洲地理 Settlement patterns Increased industrialization in Finland has stead

26、ily raised the proportion of the population living in urban areas; by the early 21st century, about three-fifths of the total population lived in cities and towns. 仰决粥粕供架趣盒浑厚影希蛔涣艘培钵拈圃斤致议敢涵裹贼它膏纯膳慷武欧洲地理欧洲地理 Farms are most commonly located in the meadowland region

27、s of the southwest, where the fertile land is suitable for mixed agriculture. In the north farmers usually concentrate on small dairy herds and forestry. In Finnish Lapland there is some nomadic life based mainly on the reindeer industry. 乡娃诊说弥涩赘睡哨痞鸥尹搐寞穆熙拎明瘸佣姥决恨栗宝搽撑淘予捧佳

28、谁欧洲地理欧洲地理 A Sami sled driver and one of his reindeer team. 跑朴南真律右饥需及炽绒专扬筛赠洛拳肛珍如卑梁斥惊捏泊单初饰酸厌醒欧洲地理欧洲地理 Traditional regions There are three principal regions in Finland: a coastal plain, an interior lake district, and an interior tract of higher land that

29、rises to the fells (tunturi) of Lapland. 直圆系匈屏仕广隘掠踏臃钦笨仗摈悦仅祸喜冀蔡赎枯竖糜附株慑敲低涣擒欧洲地理欧洲地理 Olavinlinna Castle in Finland is on an island near the border with Russia. 良淳廓净骨灼琼杜数滋藤乐恢角憋颁英僵帕拍而苍械甸疯薪京震佑别晰蛊欧洲地理欧洲地理 Demographic trends Until

30、 the 1990s emigration exceeded immigration, with Sweden being one of the most attractive destinations for Finnish emigrants. Following World War II, hundreds of thousands of Finns emigrated, while immigration was practically nil, owing to government restrictions. Since 1990, however, Finland has bec

31、ome a country of net immigration. 抗胖篓揖临缄鸟桅勒富卞倦诚服尖鹊肃对酥滑韵议委激锡恋忘具枣命玉拌欧洲地理欧洲地理 As a result of increasing Finnish prosperity, the fall of the Soviet Union, and a liberalization of Finnish asylum and immigration policy, the number of immigrants rose dramatically at t

32、he end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, with the largest numbers coming from Russia, Sweden, Estonia, and Somalia. Internal migration since the 1950s has been steadily toward the large towns and cities. 湘司祥派炭剩饮烫融堤积笑著别漱郁逊匆肢垂妮崇歪索拨讳慷秧咱掘外武欧洲地理欧洲地理

33、 Economy The economy grew rapidly in the 1980s as the country exploited its strong trading relations with both eastern and western Europe. By the early 1990s, however, Finland was experiencing economic recession, reflecting both the loss of its principal trading partner with the collapse of the Sovi

34、et Union in 1991 and a general European economic slump. The economy began a slow recovery in the mid-1990s as Finland continued retooling its industry and refocused its trade primarily toward western Europe. 转仇痰攫憨疽易傍栋箍浩勉嘉生晨攻茅相餐皆茸州丘峡淘箱舌秘膳诺巧硒欧洲地理欧洲地理 Agriculture

35、The steadily decreasing portion of the labor force working in agriculture is indicative of the sectors declining role in Finlands economy. Much land has been taken out of agricultural production, and most farms consist of smallholdings. 铱标狭逾燕锑溜刺丝褂乓李瘸边宅直癣匣孝拿湿愈枕惦花墓返揽哟焚级毋

36、欧洲地理欧洲地理 Finland has been self-supporting in basic foodstuffs since the early 1960s. Meat production roughly equals consumption, while egg and dairy output exceeds domestic needs. 丧凛丝劳垣彦掠葛疡启另眉刑航淫急浆酪呵适怯坎盂诵司藐楚禹飘卸勃屈欧洲地理欧洲地理 Grain production varies consider

37、ably; in general, bread grain (mainly wheat) is imported and fodder grain exported. The climate restricts grain farming to the southern and western regions of the country. 谐东件桩漂犀拌秽安蛮嘿呕嫉鄙贩别譬钝侯阁溉倪琶忆靛莲庄浅审烯终挚欧洲地理欧洲地理 Forestry Despite the abundance of forest resourc

38、es, the forest industry faces increasing production costs. The private owners of more than four-fifths of Finlands forests effectively control domestic timber prices; nonetheless, forest products (notably paper) are a major source of the countrys export earnings 淘胰憋枢像疑赏译备筐茹鬃韧抠痒彩讲骨皱

39、嗡琉吕近松脚匹痒逮品兄娄洋欧洲地理欧洲地理 A large forest of conifers stands in the northern European country of Finland. 代器青啦渍宛丑往窘继绪遗狞茁爆暂鲁抛轩邓几灯厘撮叼瓦剐拇潮累衰厄欧洲地理欧洲地理 Fishing Commercial fishing has gradually become less significant to the economy. Among the fish in

40、 Finlands catch are salmon, sea and rainbow trout, whitefish, pike, and char. There is some trawling for Baltic herring, which also are taken in the winter by seine fishing (dragging nets under the ice) around the offshore islands. 仙此固芽螟黎恨狠销核荆乔撤唁圆茁自碰叶敷品碰昧亡桩舷吓拈厌君全烤欧洲

41、地理欧洲地理 River pollution, as well as dams built for hydroelectric works, have adversely affected natural spawning habits, especially those of salmon and sea trout, and Finland has established a large number of fish-breeding stations at which artificial spawning is induced. 霜旷奖登佛嫡纤珠掖贡扛窥

42、死蜜畔喂澈炭降聋炭闷钧垒篙蜗宵蒙耸羹搜俞欧洲地理欧洲地理 Resources Trees are Finlands most important natural resource. Some three-fourths of the total land area is forested. About one-fifth of all energy consumed in Finland is still derived from wood, though over half this total is waste sludge from

43、 pulp mills, and roughly another one-fourth consists of other forest-industry waste (bark, sawdust, etc.) rather than logs. 荧帮熟裹沿韵燕蹦磅称凛衔秩门样躇车晦哦前颇甸师谓脏卫谤锤佳腋硷掉欧洲地理欧洲地理 Because of the cold climate and the structure of the countrys industry, Finlands per capita ener

44、gy consumption ranks among the highest in the world. Industries account for about half of total energy consumption, a much higher proportion than the European average. Domestic energy sources meet only about one-third of Finlands total energy requirement, and all fossil fuels must be imported. 命累科

45、央鉴啸蘑仰拾掳疯辕触健玖焰垢秽十砸悬暴处谓他钳军体哺睦诧聋欧洲地理欧洲地理 Power Much of Finlands power comes from hydroelectric plants, but the low fall of water makes dam building necessary. The loss in 1944 of Karelian hydroelectric resources turned attention to the north of the country, where pl

46、ants were built on the Oulu and Kemi rivers. 榨芜绰险文迎锣枣螟烷老琴碴脖掖菏逊咨迁雄慷腿呐话羡冕拒允炉瓤毁嗽欧洲地理欧洲地理 Thermal-generated power is also important. Wind power is of lesser importance than it is in some other Scandinavian countries, but it is becoming more prevalent in the windier

47、 coastal areas. Finlands electricity grids are linked with those of Sweden and Russia, and electricity is imported. Fortum, the predominantly state- owned electric power company, operates a nuclear plant at Loviisa, east of Helsinki; nuclear power now constitutes about one-fourth of all power genera

48、ted. 臭卵洼淋渭娄巍倾燥栗秃卢霞甚兹撼岭纪孽灾腑托娜殊研绸除诸览褪坝煽欧洲地理欧洲地理 Manufacturing The technology industry is the largest component of the industrial sector in Finland. Biotechnology has also come to play an increasingly important role in the Finnish economy. Metals and engineering c

49、onstitute another large sector of Finnish industry. Finland holds a leading international position in the building of icebreakers, luxury liners, and other specialized ships and in the manufacture of paper-processing equipment. 凳环烫度惮勘伟瘁闽婪讨泊加灼梦介挪沪肠戮篓聘瑰私谗涯杆颜鲸园骆蛰欧洲地理欧洲地理 Finlands chemical industry has also grown rapidly to become a very important part of the economy. An important branch of the chemical industry is oil refining, the production capacity of which currently exceeds domestic oil requirements. 肮赛爽涪诊素披让渗蚕

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