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1、,Identifying Special Products in Developing countries: Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Special Products (SP) (para. 41), Developing countries will have the flexibility to designate an appropritate
2、number of products as Special Products, based on criteria of food security, livelihood security and rural development needs. .These products will be eligible for more flexible treatment. The criteria and treatment of these products will be further specified during the negotiation phase and will reco
3、gnise the fundamental importance of SP to developing countries .,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,The Rationale for Special Products,Food security: combination of domestic production, importation and public stockholding. However some degree of s
4、elf-sufficiency for basic foodstuffs remains a major objective for DC. Availability of foreign exchange is also a constraint on the import capacity of some DC. Livelihood security: Agriculture accounts for 70 % of the employment in low-income countries and 30 % in middle-income countries. Alternativ
5、e avenues of employment are lacking. Rural Development: In DC, agriculture constitutes a big slice of the GDP. Since in the rural areas agriculture is the dominant economic activity, rural development can be sustained only by a vibrant and growing agricultural activity. Importance of looking at the
6、three criteria together as opposed to individually,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,The Rationale for Special Products (cont.),As tariffs are removed, the livelihood of communities employed in import-competing sector might be affected by lower p
7、rices and increased international competition. While this benefits urban consumers it might affect large rural populations who rely on agriculture but cannot compete with low prices on world market. Developing countries have limited access to domestic resources to cushion farmers against adverse eff
8、ects of imports; they essentially rely on border measures (tariffs),http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Source: Based on the Millennium Development Indicators Database (UNSD),http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs C
9、ountry Studies,Source: FAO, WTO Agreement on Agriculture: The Implementation Experience, FAO, Rome, 2003.,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Agricultural Employment in G33 Countries,Source: Earth Trends database (World Resources Institute),http:/
10、Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Share of Agriculture in GDP in G33 in Countries,Source: Earth Trends database (World Resources Institute),http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Source: FAO,LDCs and NFID
11、Cs Agricultural Trade Evolution,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Bound Tariff Structures in G33 Countries,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Effect of a 40% Reduction of Bound Tariffs on G33 A
12、pplied Tariff,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure: Subgroup A,Source: The G-33: An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales, ICTSD,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary F
13、indings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure: Subgroup B,Source: The G-33: An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales, ICTSD,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure: Subg
14、roup C,Source: The G-33: An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales, ICTSD,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure: Subgroup D,Source: The G-33: An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on
15、 Agricultural Products Mario Jales, ICTSD,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure: Subgroup D,Source: The G-33: An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales, ICTSD,COTE DIVOIRE,0,1,0,2,0,3,0
16、,4,0,5,0,6,0,7,0,01,02,02,04,04,05,07,07,07,08,08,09,09,09,11,11,12,12,14,15,15,16,17,18,20,20,21,22,22,23,33,41,51,H,S,c,h,a,p,t,e,r,%,B,o,u,n,d,A,p,p,l,i,e,d,Sources: WTO (2004) and WITS (2002).,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Country studies
17、 background,Field research component of a DFID funded project on SP-SSM To take advantage of the strategic window of opportunity in July Framework to address food security, livelihood security and rural development needs in current agricultural negotiations Objective of country studies: Providing so
18、me empirical-based and “scientific” justification for the selection of SPs Test possible indicators of food/livelihood securtiy and rural development which could subsequently be used by other countries in the preparation of their list,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of
19、ICTSDs Country Studies,Formally associated with G 33 Non LDCs Focus on Net Food-Importing Developing Countries (NFIDC), Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDC), Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Geographical balance Focus on subgroups B and C Countries with proven domestic research capacity Co
20、mmitment of national government to actively support and participate in the project,Countries Selection,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Selected Countries: Barbados, Caribbean (SIDS) Honduras, Central America (LIFDC) Kenya, Africa (LIFDC),Method
21、ology: Developing an analytical framework for the operationalisation of food/livelihood securtiy and rural development Test it in the field and refine the methodology A two track process Guidelines Stakeholder consultation,Pakistan, Asia (NFIDC) Peru, South America (NFIDC) Sri Lanka, Asia (LIFDC),Co
22、untries Selection (cont.),http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,ICTSD country studies,Conceptual Framework for the Identification of Special Products,Conceptual Framework for the Identification of Special Products,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country St
23、udiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 1: Identification of intended beneficiaries,Focus on rural poor, small & subsitance farmers but also small comercial farmers,Assess economic and social importance of particular products for specific regions,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country St
24、udiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 2: Identification of products: Livelihood secutrity & rural development indicators,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 3: Identification of products (cont.): Food Security indicators,htt
25、p:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Data Used for Estimating SP Indicators,Data Used for Estimating SP Indicators,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,ICTSD Country Studies Findings in a Nutshell,http
26、:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Supplementary elements for the analysis,Substitutes Unfair competition Vulnerability to import displacement Current level of protection,http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country
27、Studies,Implications for negotiating modalities on SP,Selection: Countries should be allowed to self-designate their SP within an agreed limit (eg. 15 20 % of tariff lines). There might be a reference to an illustrative, non-exhaustive and non-prescriptive list of indicators, but a set of multilater
28、ally agreed indicators including thresholds would not be practicle and not desirable from a sust. dev. perspective Treatment: regardless of the size of the lists, there is a case for tariff reduction exemption for at least a sub-set of SPs (e.g. 7-8 % of tarif lines). For remaining products calibrated treatment could be based on the tiered formula (e.g. 0% reduction if product falls in the lowest tier, 5% if it falls in the 2nd tier and 10% if it falls in 3rd or 4th tier),http:/ Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,