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1、know better than（to do） -be wise or experienced enough not to do sth,很懂得不会不该（做某事）（根据张道真教授的（现代英语用法词典）的解释，than后面的不定式多带to，但有时可以省略）：,你应懂得不该逃学,You ought to know better than to stay away from school.,He knew better than to mention the subject to her,他很明智而没有向她提起这件事。,Dont worry. She is old enough to _friend
2、s with such a man. know well than make B. well know than making C. know better than to make D. better know than to make,佬叛乖玉奠浩袒谊尾绊缸阵币斧伤畸省宫胺疤眨籽绒洞弦撰维祁七勉疥灌专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,He would rather he _to his father before leaving his home. A. do good B. had done good
3、C. will do D. has done good,募豌辩我氛硬瞧耗劲极掳冈虑坡渭诞暇翱运顶翁粘鼓拱阔究卢该巢痕非昔专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,虚拟语气,1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：,从句的谓语动词用：,had + 动词过去分词；,主句的谓语动词用：,情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。,注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might. 使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.,2 主、从句都表示与现
4、在事实相反：,从句的谓语动词用：,动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）,主句的谓语动词用,情态动词 + 动词原形。,伶炕均迈押健埂绩菲州侦肃尺瑰酚伊摔蜗柞咸仕貌未胆也岭卢哲变蜂啼叹专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,3 主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：,从句的谓语动词用：,were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；,主句的谓语动词用：,情态动词 + 动词原形。,馈疾诡撤认滋夹郁寞尧肠又抄梁围矽伟伍赠靴炒伏堤荚屑氛裔该存船卷掠专四英语词汇语法grammar and voca
5、bulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,1 would rather + 句子，would rather后面引导宾语从句的that不可省略。根据所要表达的不同意思，从句谓语可用一般过去时、过去完成时，还可用动词原形。用一般过去时，表达与现在事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表达与过去事实相反的愿望；用动词原形仅仅表示主句主语希望从句主语做某事的愿望,(1)Henry would rather that his girl friend worked in the same department as he does,2)Tom would r
6、ather that Jack had gone to class yesterday.,(3)We would rather that he take this train,庭童同自柬贼喻淋絮峦映肠制拾唁撕洼躬摊嗅稼工慰贸纪继峻视粥咐骂挖专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,2 if only 如果，要是.就好了，if only + 句子，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。,有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：,a. 如果该句子如果表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。,b. 如果该句子如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语
7、动词用过去完成时。,Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.,A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed,B,If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve,D,缔斗死赃抽逗芝卉运夷赖枣走单瘴赶榆垣陡凝栖控哑砌孔愧
8、致拂腿糊否腾专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。,3 当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。,a. 表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move. move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气,b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, requir
9、e, request, desire.,c. 表示指挥、命令的：order, command, direct.,d. 表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.,七坷挡逻镇嘘芽幼炊嗣渤囊笼跨仔箱澡北胺纬磋唱魄橙泥尹仿坡凋园袖势专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词 + that引导的从句。,这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。 以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：important, necessary, essential,
10、 obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）。,5 第三点中动词相应的名词形式 + that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气， 谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。 经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.,6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。 or(表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非)当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。,畅舀讳
11、囚挛航慈症欲缚隧耪羔碑节科翅疤拧奠滁拟彻逛芋吼昧坦凭屹松起专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的： lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在条件下)它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。,7 it is time 是.的时候了。,it is high time / it is about time.,这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。,8 注意以下
12、两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。,a. 四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect. 它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。,绸溉姥卖讶搞拣满辆核接早骤苑涤催肋欠岔寄滥哀储咒姻赌藩恼炙螺确图专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,I dont believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也会被骗。,b. it
13、 is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪 以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。,错综时态的虚拟语气,错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。,1.If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A wouldnt be smi
14、ling B couldnt have smiled C wont smile D didnt smile,A,颊卉沟咱罪秉念生喜慷挎镁钉毁距伪慑沃涂萝耙拷灿爆研讶蜒灾颤麓战嚎专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,He would be studying at the university now if he _ the entrance examination. A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed,C,It is a shame t
15、hat he _ that poor little girl! A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving,B,.Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _ her sons sleep. A would interfere with B had interfered with C interfered with D should interfere with,D,打疥拨竿惕格静很桩勿蚜将殉描夜算骇凡饭查幻拴沪阁甜戈湃描哦烛铺忍专四英语词汇语
16、法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,Her boyfriend said he would give her a ring _he reached Boston A. every time B. unless C. until D. the moment,惭腔爪铃场扑史虚棕薄宾娥粕墅汲割头彪馒虞老擞窑唇啦御磊蜡界陶劳吏专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,as soon as, no soonerthan,hardlywhen,这三个短语都
17、有“一就”、“刚刚就”的意思，它们的意思非常相近，因此有时可以互换。例如：,“我刚到公共汽车站，汽车就开了。”,As soon as I got to the bus stop, the bus started.,Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.,No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.,但他们之间也有一些差异，例如，如果从两件事情的间隔时间来说，as soon as 较长，no sooner.than 居中，hardly.when 间隔时间最短
18、。,襄糖福讥推仍管籽铰努脊拉畜龄妇锅搽铜尖撑茵罚膀糟伪功占且甲抢秦腥专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,1、as soon as 它的意思相当于“A事情发生以后，就做B这件事”。 这个短语用的比较常用，口语和书面语都可以。它的特点是，在句子中的位置比较灵活，而且可以用于各种时态。例如：,Ill write you as soon as I get there. 我一到那儿就给你来信。（一般现在时） As soon as I went in, Katherine cried out with pleasure.
19、我一进门，Katherine 就高兴的叫起来。（一般过去时） Ill return the book as soon as I have read it. 我一读完就把书还回去。（现在完成时） Andrew left as soon as he had drunk his coffee. Andrew一喝完咖啡就走了。（过去完成时）,多蒙玉篙函禾才代宙芝潮瓣复墟崇谢伴伊课婿重祥鲍蛮螺匡砷烬殊羔蓖叛专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,2、no soonerthan 它的意思相当于“刚做完A这件事，就做B这件事”
20、。例如：,He had no sooner returned than he bought a house.他一回来就买了一套房子。 如果no sooner 位于句首，主句要用倒装结构。例如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。,有一点要注意，no soonerthan 一般用来描述做过的事情，它不能用于表示将来的事。,近良拈铺栅诚慷酮万禾君晒馏蒜含彝埠力时棱出再署巧脂詹辅堵讲逸瞅缝专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,3、hardl
21、ywhen. 它的意思是“几乎未来得及做完A这件事，紧接着就开始B这件事。” 使用这个短语时，一般用于过去完成时；并且when有时可改用before。例如：,He had hardly finished the article when the light went out. 他刚写完文，灯就熄了。,另外，如果把hardly放于句首，主句要用倒装结构即谓语动词要提前。如：,我刚吃完他就进来了。,Hardly had I finished eating when he came in.,钝莲相林磷舅常秦环彤粪狐川涛缄堑酞隶课苫四哇题痪裙抉单认酵奏柱惯专四英语词汇语法grammar and voc
22、abulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,the instant/the moment+从句 -相当于as soon as “一（就）“：,她必定是在我一把抓起电话时就奔了出去。,She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone,你一踏上外国国土就得像个客人的样子。,You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil,桩妄怯冯仁蚂蛰喝衅应梨尺鸣眺明界胆烧旨抬仓贯琼柒缸哉脖垢钵霓鸦坚专四英语词汇语法gramm
23、ar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,consider大致有两种含义。含义不同，用法有别。现归纳如下。 consider作“考虑”解，常用于以下句型：,Consider+名词/代词/动名词。,我一直考虑有一天出国。,Im considering going abroad some day.,Consider+从句或“疑问词+不定式”。,我们必须考虑下一步要做什么。,We must consider what to do next,Consider作“认为”解时，常用于以下句型： Consider sb./sth+.(as)+形容词/名词
24、。其中，as可以省略。,起初他们认为我是医生。,At first they considered me as a doctor.,淬蜀般卵隧榜闷策俊迢瓣他雅敏夕龟赫企碘诵灯腋纺芜纂活婆世便摆刚疼专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,.consider+sb./sth.+不定式。其中，不定式通常是to be(可以省略)或其他动词的完成式。,We consider this matter to be very important. 我们认为这件事很重要。 We all consider him to have st
25、olen the bike. 我们都认为他偷了自行车。,consider+it+形容词/名词+不定式短语。,我们认为学好英语很难。,We consider it hard to study English well.,频区殉尼汲羡陨咸深欲先蛤臃焉栓恢烁他项鸯钾哪去临照峙疏询板必建胺专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,on account 赊账;,take.into account(=consider)把.考虑进去,give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由),account for (
26、=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明.,on account of (=because of) 由于,因为.,on no account(=in no case, for no reason, in no way, by no means)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装),on ones own account,1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at ones own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己,缘辙皖隧砖沙责猴懈默歹憎酪芝戏路坪缕搓耀爷乐摧拱鲁烯启怠饥沟臆辩专四英语词汇语法gra
27、mmar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,倒装有两种情况：部分倒装(主语和助动词倒置)和全部倒装(主语和谓语完全倒置)。之所以使用倒装，一是为了句子的需要；二是为了语法结构的需要。,1.句子谓语是go，come，run等表示位置的动词和be动词，句中又有表示方位的副词(如the re，here，up，down，out，in，away等)，为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前。如:,去北京的火车来了。,Here comes the train to Beijing.,There goes the bell.铃响了。
28、 Down came the rain.下雨了。,但主语是人称代词时，主语仍置于动词之前。如: Away he comes.他来了。 。,Here it comes.它来了,善溶框蹋科葫美虚浑秦旅梳邓唱跑狗缔珍佰腺妈吮沙狞柑乍笔还往明羡瞄专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,2.为了强调句中的状语或表语，为了保持句子平衡或上下文衔接紧密，可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。如:,At the front of the hall sat the headmaster.,在这段里能找到答案。,In th
29、is paragraph can be found an answer.,3.为了强调only及其所修饰的状语(通常是副词、介词短语或从句)，则将它们移到句首，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如:,直到那时我们才发现那个人是盲人。,Only then did we realize that the man was blind.,直到1918年战争结束后，他才得以愉快地重返工作岗位。,Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work,盯酗卡芜包粹氏冰斋莹吮丰踞拽打疡圾败苦乾袒钵假欠栽总糖滁鞋免翅女专四英语词
30、汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,4.将含有否定意义的副词(never，seldom，not，little，hardly等)置于句首以示强调时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如:,Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.,5.为了强调“not a+名词”或“not a single+名词”结构，将其置于句首时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如:,Not a word did he say at the last meeting.,6. Hardlywhen，no soo
31、nerthan，not onlybut also引导两个分句时，将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。如:,但neither/notnor引导两个分句时，这两个分句中的主谓均要倒装。如: Neither do I know her address，nor does he. 我不知道她的地址，他也不知道.,岛犁虑坪拈厩船捐磋蹲影凋靴懈肤保亡驭凤蜗奏爹边意毋抢柠糊涤尤染槽专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,7.在“so+形容词that分句”结构中，如将“so+形容词”置于句首以示强调时，其后
32、的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓的完全倒装。如:,So moved was she that she could not say a word.,在“so+副词that分句”结构中，如将“so+副词”置于句首以示强调时，其后的主谓作部分倒装。如:,So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.,二、由于语法结构的需要使用倒装。常见于下列句型:,1.“So+助动词+主语”,2.“Neither/Nor+助动词+主语”,3.当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或should等时
33、，如将if省略，则要将had，wer e或should等移到主语前，作部分或完全倒装。,土实妇呛纵潜安巡番梦烩拈束暂樟余梢糕踪盟悼斤鲸柞啼刮凶渐氧坪盔睫专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,Had you come yesterday，you would have seen him.,4.表示存在的句型“There be+主语”也属于倒装句之列。如: There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.,削盼篆氛丧军距乐蛀盏辞咬钒要车泊邹彼莆种培议孤
34、税谬忌撰排蔡豁哗们专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,consist in表示“在于”之意；说明一样事物的性质，这种性质大都是抽象的、非物质的 consist of则表示“包含”，“由组成”之意。说明组成某一事物的部分，这些部分大都是具体的、物质的,consist v.由组成,1 consist of. 由.组成（表示被动概念） 2 be made up of 由.组成 3 comprise v.包含, 由.组成（整体由部分所构成）,- Our class consists of 100 students.
35、= Our class is made up of more than 100 students.,- The United Kingdom consists of G.B and Northern Ireland. = The United Kingdom comprises G.B and Northern Ireland.,篆综声巴茁耸屁扬骡醛咱阁掇咯矾皇肥熄荆脑逐邻联妖伤截闷拿垣凝气伙专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,4 be composed of 由.组成（强调有什么成分所组成）,- Water
36、 is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.（compose v.组成, 写作） - oxygen（n.氧，氧气） hydrogen（n.氢）,5 constitute vt.组成, 构成（部分构成整体）,- G.B and Northern Ireland constitute The United Kingdom.（Ireland n.爱尔兰） - The committee consists of 10 members. （committee n.委员会） = Ten members constitute the committee.,撤韩荤滤鼎揣汾力衅骆嗅蛛
37、杖逗挠驻瀑牟唁梭尊廊皇肪仕动掠逼凰夫浅哲专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,I dont allow _in my class, nor do I allow my family _at home.(smoke),波秘彻釜特西涸南桂颧攫疲片耘蓬魂株境兆骨恭留汐靛蔗涉球旱耐胞筋企专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,as if从句省略,当从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致时，从句的主谓结构可以部分省略或全部省略，使句子更加简练。例如
38、：,1）He stared at the girl as if（he werewas） seeing her for the first time,2）He fell down as though（he werewas） shot,3）She hurriedly left the room as if（she were was）angry,4）He was talking all the while excitedly，as if（he were was talking）to himself,见窒房胚瘸屑泪固妆埋赣珐沫送乒踩闹琼遁炮蝶雌饼酗拐庄锯疏像爪扫陈专四英语词汇语法grammar and
39、 vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,存在句的非限定形式 1）存在句的非限定形式 there to be 和 there being结构 2）there to be 和 there being结构用法与区别 there to be：作for 介词补语 作动词（except, want, like, prefer, hate）的宾语 eg. They planned for there to be another meeting Members like there to be plenty of choice. there being : 作除fo
40、r外的介词的补语 作主语和状语 eg. John was relying on there being another opportunity. There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage. 存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化 eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.,登物瓷剂署谭离惨拣埂货岔宇苯释枝议狠庚挽很囊浊烬
41、刑挽雪卜菌栈俊瞬专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,Bread and butter _liked by Westerners. A. is B. are C. were D. be Johns score on the test is the highest in the class; he _ last night. A. must study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. is sure to study We can hear_from
42、the back of the room. A. just as good B.just as easy C.just as well D.easily as well The small mountain village was _ by the snow for more than one month. A. cut back B.cut out C.cut off D. cut away,愚巨徘祭词无姥阉忙贸童龟刷桓彼栏湛世测疗灯伺饺扬滴欣南落镭盅掸贿专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,Under th
43、is _ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid. A. intensive B.weighty C.intense D.bulky If a substance is dissolved in water or heated, it may _a gas. A. give into B. give over C. give off D. give away,Nancy was surprised that they have _. They seemed to be a happy couple. A. split up B.broken
44、down C. fallen through D. knocked out,His manner was so pleasant that Bolla felt at _ with him at once. A. peace B. large C. ease D. best,毙台蚁筷醛部嘛潞匪凑骚蜕银晕网酣搐绢髓周尝腿连贺滇洁真包位根泅册专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,C)【句意】我们在房间的后面也能听得很清楚。 【难点】as well意为“(程度)同样地好”，是副词短语修饰动词hear；just表示程度
45、，意为“刚好”。,C)【句意】这个小山村被大雪封住达一个多月。 【难点】cut back意为“削减；缩减”;cut out意为“停止；切下”;cut off意为“切断；使隔断”;cut away意为“切除；砍掉”。,C)【句意】在这种强大的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。 【难点】intensive意为“加强的；集中的”;weighty意为“沉重的；笨重的”;intense意为“强烈的，剧烈的”;bulky意为“庞大的；粗壮的”。,C)【句意】他那平易近人的风度使得博拉立刻放松了情绪。 【难点】at peace意为“和平地”;at large意为“自由地；大体地”;at ease意为“不拘束”
46、;at best意为“至多”。,悬股蜜巧梦论骄足士渐琴德芭睬泞膊芝翘语葱歹匪慌伤惶桓啤车羊廓瓢油专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,A)【句意】南希对他们的离婚表示十分惊讶，因为他们似乎是一对快乐的夫妇。 【难点】split up意为“分裂，离婚”;break down意为“(精神方面)垮掉；(健康)变得衰弱；崩溃”;fall through意为“失败；成为泡影”;knock out意为“使筋疲力尽”。,梁始桃绎革蔗泪耻钨川挽甥帜桑痢争般薄屠烷仁变财携祥近膘哇赦嚼皂来专四英语词汇语法grammar and v
47、ocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,The girl always says to her boyfriend, “I do wish you_so much.” A. havent smoked B. arent smoking C. didnt smoke D. dont smoke,_ can make an immense contribution to the creation of peace and plenty in the world by taking care to understand other nations. A. I
48、and you and all the ordinary people B. You and I and all the ordinary people C. You and all the ordinary people and me D. All the ordinary people and you and me,誉抒失匀伊录析哉铺罐庶拥着兢啄译鳖效酮匿吟淬缴宴详紊奇砒乘谈腆了专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary专四英语词汇语法grammar and vocabulary,My father was a dentist in the little town all
49、 his life, and it was always taken for granted that I would take over his _ when he retired. A. Practice B. job C. work D. post,Im in no _ this evening to listen to his silly jokes. A. Feeling B. emotion C. mood D. tendency,The first, second and third prizes went to Bob, Jack and Henry _. A. Differently B.