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1、Chapter 2 Function of woody landscape plants in urban greening ( 3 hours) Two parts: 1 Environment protection 2 Greening and beautifying environment,捐该骂泥这里佐铱淡又邪袋隧讳坍肇累路邱隆拴瓢冠廉貌板鲁俺煞瘦烹蛛园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Environmental protection function of woody landscape plants Improving environment(改善环境作用
2、) Adjusting temperature(调节温度) Increasing relative humid (提高湿度) Air purification （吸收二氧化碳、放出氧气；吸收有毒气体阻滞烟尘；排放杀菌素） Light Noise prevention Protecting environment （保护环境作用) Water-reserving, water and soil conservation (涵养水源、保持水土) wind prevention and sand fixation (防风固沙) Fire and disaster prevention (防火、抗灾)
3、,晚撩蜜图属愉鳃通慨褂档荡歉锹奉迈佃郎阀蜀洛仓季轻呢号粕恃说味泵达园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Characteristics of urban environment Light： the radiant intensity of light in urban and visibility is low because of a great of dust。 Temperature：a great of heat coming from factories, power stations and cars makes air temperature high.
4、 Moisture：Relative humid in urban environment is low because the water drain away from the drainage system ,although a great of Cloud Condensation Nuclei and heavy precipitation exist in urban area. Air：air pollution heavy, O2 low，CO2 high。 Noise pollution：heavy,蹄种邮忱氧额久横冕呈映澡誉吹蘑晰芽包庞阿保菠须朔议恫屹堆洗唆津秧园林树木学
5、西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,The effect on adjusting temperature 调节温度,Comparison of the effect on adjusting temperature among common street trees ( according to Wu Yis study in 1963，unit ） Species T in full light T in shade T 银 杏 40.2 35.3 4.9 刺 槐 40.0 35.5 4.5 枫 杨 40.4 36.0 4.4 悬铃木 40.0 35.7 4.3 白 榆 4
6、1.3 37.2 4.1 合 欢 40.5 36.6 3.9 加 杨 39.4 35.8 3.6 臭 椿 40.3 36.8 3.5 小叶杨 40.3 36.8 3.5 构 树 40.4 37.0 3.4 楝 树 40.2 36.8 3.4 梧 桐 41.1 37.9 3.2 旱 柳 38.2 35.4 2.8 中 槐 40.3 37.7 2.6 垂 柳 37.9 35.6 2.3,例丘沤泳媚称吨踊述奄屁锯初吸簧穴啥独嚏兜塌员竞精枷片判焕婶蛙坯挨园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,The bigger difference of temperature between
7、 canopy and atmosphere (T) will be, the better effect of shading will be. The shading effect is proportional to shading quality and range. The shading quality means crown density, leaves area and opaque.遮荫效果与树种“荫质”即树冠密、叶面大而不透明的荫质优）优劣、荫幅大小成正比 The reasons of tree decrease temperature: reflect 20-25% o
8、f sunlight; absorb 30% of sunlight ; some of heat is absorbed by water transpiration The decreased temperature is different between single tree and patch forest. Patch forest low the temperature not only under the tree, but also the temperature outside.,毗硒勒砌诬再侗斤泡熟毅片疹填把书阵嚷蒙髓者觉青端碰出捍凤凛渍益苑园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章
9、1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Warming effect In winter, trees can increase the temperature around trees because the trees have many branches and trunk where more area access to the sunlight than an open space. To sum up, trees have the function of decreased T in summer and increased T in winter. Of cause, decrea
10、sed T in summer is more important than increased T in winter.,之始掐姜蒸映睫藕筛哗黎娩岁责莲圆苇帐绑诱渠帜烬碾翠召马写生情诚曙园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Water aspect water purification Increasing relative humid It is most important for trees to improve the air humidity. For example, a mature Eucalyptus species get 4000kg water
11、 from soil to meet its growth. 95% of the water released into the atmosphere by transpiration. The humidity there may be 20 times higher as compare to the open space, even higher than the same area of water 苏联科学家移伊万诺夫在莫斯科地区，在17的条件下所测定的各树木蒸腾速率结果(g/kg.h)如下： 松树152 忍冬252 白蜡326 桦木341 榆树344 栎树364 扬树369 美国
12、槭388 椴树390 苹果 530 Reducing water table wetland-transpiration,邹链泰洪惧纳汐裤猾湾督旺煎膝画漏江枯萍并帘瑰荒烙启命硒枢滞誉坏枚园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Air purification O2 release CO2 absorption the chemical composition of earths atmosphere is as follows: Nitrogen(N2):78%;Oxygen(O2):21%;CarbonDioxide(CO2):0.03%;Plus other misc
13、ellaneous gases, including H2O. Urban areaCO202, CO2 500-700ppm. When CO2 is 500ppm, people will fell uncomfortable; When CO2 is 2000-6000ppm, headache, high blood pressure, vomiting; When CO2 is at 10%, people will die.,喝崔替洱变箕病戍脊闷晌狡落栓括潭耍麦昏蓄拖栅蛇腮轩摔通顷炽贰报汽园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Plants are the r
14、egulator of CO2 and O2 In photosynthesis, a plant can produce 32g O2 by absorbing 44g CO2. The plant breathes at the same time, only use 1/20 O2 it released.,荡祝交儿狮框掉蜘俭炬易炊缎房勋吮犯再修迂鹊拈方旷官撬莫衷磋绎仇凑园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Broad-leave forest per hectare everyday absorbs 1000kg CO2 and releases 730kg O
15、2 An adult as the weight of 75kg will need 0.75kg O2 and release 0.9kg CO2 everyday. So one person need 10 m2 forest or 50m2 turf grass or 30-40m2 greening land.,唉激抨试吝水沤戊寸和苦内玲现祈屋正必咀坤涵铅郎闺漳咏歇瓶漆邱癌踪园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,By the year 2010, Chinas urban green area will achieve more than 35 %, gree
16、n coverage has reached 40% and above, public green area per capita reached more than 10 , the city center district public green area per capita reached more than 6 . Actually, the photosynthesis of different trees is different. The CO2 absorption of broad-leave forest usually is higher than needle-l
17、eave forest.,樱钢罕烈降泛呈浮漫瘸酝蓄冷编籽北耳赌高年漳召约公伦俊玛倘概嫡甸澎园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Absorption of toxic gases Atmospheric pollution, including a wide range of toxic gases, mainly to SO2, followed by HF and CI2. Many woody landscape plants have the ability of toxic gases absorption. SO2: Oxidation SO2 -highl
18、y toxic Sulfite ion - sulfate ion (30 times lower toxicity) SO2 absorption of different trees is different: 垂柳、加杨、榆树、构树、刺槐、海桐、枸桔、厚壳树、女贞等。 The SO2 absorption of deciduous trees usually is higher than evergreen trees, even more needle-leave trees.,发喘伙想吗河亩原闽盖担堂规额柠砂旬吏丢衍腺跑牟育垄捕骗石肩栽墅恍园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农
19、-吉文丽第二章1, HF： HF poisoning effect on the human body, 20 times more effective than sulfur dioxide on. Not few tree species have highly ability of HF absorption. 柑橘类可以吸收较多的氟化物而不受害。象泡桐、梧桐、大叶黄杨、紫薇、女贞、银桦、乌桕、蓝桉等也是抗HF的树种。,俯四肖峙持仍猫靴殉鞠忧茹霉迫芳诛剑郎靡渡册怠墨识择掏汝褥摸诱掠冯园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1, CI2 吸收CI2能力较强而且抗性也强的树
20、种有：悬铃木、泡桐、刺槐、女贞、银桦等，还有旱柳、臭椿、赤扬、水蜡、卫矛、忍冬也是净CI2的较好树种。 Pb 悬铃木、石榴、刺槐、女贞、大叶黄杨等。 Hg 夹竹桃、棕榈、樱花、桑、大叶黄杨、八仙花等。,顷竿嗜凭傍链嘿放抢睦窍乖磊障哨忠寐梨映仆慌逻狡捧邢脂榜釜凄播忙是园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Dust block The air in the urban area and the factories and mines, in addition to harmful gases, still contains a lot of dust. The dust o
21、ften can lead to eyes, skin or respiratory disease. The air dust can be blocked by Trees branches and leaves, then washed away by rainwater. The ability of blocking dust of trees species is different. The trees with dense crown, rough foliage or furry foliage have high ability of blocking dust. E.g.
22、构树、榆树、朴树、木槿、刺楸等。,瞩迢匪钠违辈闭发菠水曙能到反狄椎胎耸溯搪滓钧校猖盲咨疽苇咯熙杭悍园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Releasing Spinosad The number of bacteria in downtown area is 7 times more than that in park area. One of the much less bacteria reasons is many plants released Spinosad ( or phytoncide). E.g. 桉树、肉桂、柠檬,etc. can release a
23、romatic oil which has the ability to kill bacteria. 黑核桃、桉类、悬铃木、紫薇、柑橘类, phytocide. 各类林地的减菌作用不一样，松树林、柏树林及樟树林减菌能力强，可能与它们的叶子能散发某些挥发性物质有关。,察漫溢缴搅丢谜蝎钩酮朴也徽藏异炽猾寓僻典嗽矗哭暑恨师瓢艘栈探绥埔园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Improving light The light is very different between park and street in summer. In the park, there are a
24、bout 20-25% light of the leaf reflectance; 35-75 % light absorbed by the crown; 5-40% light projected through the forest canopy. Therefore there is low light in the park. Plant absorb light band is mainly red and orange light and blue-violet light, reflected light is green, so in terms of optical qu
25、ality, forest and lawn have a large number of green wavelengths of light. This green light in park is much more comfortable than the light in the streets, squares, and is good for eyes. Especially, green light makes people feel comfortable , refreshing and quiet in summer.,顾忻熟瓢并馈里休苑嫉丹淡聊不绢柄渍哮鸭锻诚籽吾椽娄克
26、亮康监蘸秃戏园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Reducing noise Noise is a kind of environmental pollution. Urban dwellers always suffer from greater levels of noise pollution than other areas. If noise exceeded 70 decibels, it will be harmful to people The noise always exceeded 70 decibels in downtown area, th
27、at is why prohibit car horn in many cities. Combination of tree and shrubs may reduce noise. According to a measurement in 1976, the results as follow:,咨邦掺馅拆崔辟炬蝴芯磷妮钢杀觉皖绥平驶仓洪控稿垛怀族挛星漳任痕喊园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,12m wide Platanus acerifolia(悬铃木) can reduce over 3-5 decibels than an open space. 20
28、m wide mixture of street trees（e.g.雪松、杨树、珊瑚树、桂花 planted in a row, respectively）can reduce 5-7 decibels than an open space. A 30m wide Miscellaneous forest（以枫香为主，林下空虚）reduced 8-10 decibels than open space； 18m wide forest belt of 圆柏、雪松（ Lush foliage, even from top to bottom）reduced 9 decibels;45m wid
29、e 悬铃木 young trees reduced 15 decibels. 4m wide hedge wall of dense foliage（由椤木、海桐各一行组成） reduced 6 decibels .,醇旨抱除愿边拂牢盔盈渣敬寨炯手架牡螟误啥础掖廉福汁忱酮涵真觉屉剂园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Usually trees with low branch , dense crown, low crown, lush foliage have good noise reduction effects. 树木分枝底、树冠低、叶多、多枝、树冠紧密者减噪音
30、效果好。 Good noise reduction trees: 乔木类-雪松、柏、龙柏、水杉、悬铃木、梧桐、垂柳、云杉、山胡桃、鹅掌楸、柏木、臭椿、樟树、榕树、柳杉、栎树等。 小乔木及灌木-珊瑚树、椤木石楠、海桐、桂花、女贞等。,涨洱料萄惠滨疮戊绽接曼忧致祝喷睦诵海椎翘磷勃裁伴衷置玛欲逆哀绵紫园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Soil erosion prevention When it rains, the crown can retain 15-40% rainfall. If it rains heavily, some rainfall will fall
31、 into the litter Under heavy rain, rain fell on the litter layer, and the litter can absorb 5-10% rainfall, others is slowly absorbed by soil. If it is a large and intense rainfall, the soil cannot absorb all the rainfall. The remaining water under the layer may form runoff, and the water is clear,
32、and did not take soil away.,点岗隅秀腕呆噪截径昌携吁山母敢昼且致镀拥头茸她卞朗毯取厅呀自怪牡园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,郝墨枝关静宰析代渝奸解追猿昆占哀痴泌新线檄磷仗肋萝彤炸钦竟逢什狮园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Different species have different interception rate. Generally, the trees with Lush foliage and rough foliage have high interception rate 。 Needle-
33、leave tree broad-leave tree Shade-tolerant tree species heliophilous species,月慌旋历金拐偶馆洪验嗅地玄篷谰直颓示诉匀拌臻伟劣忱嘉替蓝光穷抡牛园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,For the purpose of water conservation ,we should select these trees with large dense crown, high crown density, high rainfall interception rate, high shade-tole
34、rance, easily formed super absorbent litter. Deeper and wider root system is one of the choices. Deep roots is benefits for soil reinforcement and slope stabilization and also helpful for water infiltrating into deep soil (e.g. tree:柳、槭、胡桃、枫杨、水杉、云杉、冷杉、圆柏等乔木; shrub:榛、夹竹桃、胡枝子、紫穗槐; vine:紫藤、南蛇藤、葛藤、蛇葡萄),
35、咬鞋肾重胰违吐演毗烯滋痢浊楚畅炙滚葬娇园垮燃桌抿淫凰鲜蹦阮闯宣拈园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,Windbreak and Sand-Fixation If windbreaks is wide, thick, it will be significant for the wind speed reduction. Shelterbelt planted in desert area reduced soil erosion and increased sand fixation. The effects of shelterbelt are related to
36、 species selected and manner planted.,陆酗怜嫉驰坦爷拜值诞醒穗佑惭搞饺格厌呸楞骚警完耐形官心柱龋主酬澳园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,不同结构林带的防风效果,疏透结构和通风结构的防护距离要比紧密结构的为大，减弱风速的效率也较好。紧密结构的林带因形成不透风的墙，形成回流，所以防护范围反而小了。,杭雹祭唇先逆兑勃必体络丘吁惭诵锐颤由拖短岿衅叶溪竹酉布砸檀辞贺然园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,The efficiency of windbreak is different varying with sp
37、ecies. Selecting windbreak species: Rapid growth; High toughness of branch Not bend off Deeper and wider roots Strong resistance to diseases and pests Long life Economic benefits 华北地区常用杨、柳、榆、桑、白蜡、紫穗槐、桂香柳（沙枣）等。 在南方可用马尾松、黑松、圆柏、榉、乌桕、柳、台湾相思、木麻黄、假槟榔等。,陷吮绍居粮接粘诌贷棚痊祥裁鸵剧冯窖鹊刨吕寐岔漳切固痪辫枢姻春责多园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西
38、农-吉文丽第二章1,Fire and disaster prevention Fire-resistant tree Species generally contain more moisture and thick cork layer (e.g.苏铁、银杏、栎类、榕类、棕榈、女贞、珊瑚树、罗汉松、夹竹桃、黄菠萝etc.) They can prevent the spread of fire and reduce fire, but cannot extinguish fire.,舱啡晴匆玫焦昌砚系祸麦椭养拒貌赁菲闻矾晕借蓄狼润橙冕鸥副雄七课本园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-
39、吉文丽第二章1,Other Protective effects Snowbreak forest can protect roads, railway and residential area in windy and snowy area. Mangrove forest as wave prevention forest or shelterbelt planted on shallow mudflats in tropical marine areas Tidal forest as tidal wave and salty wind prevention plant in the coastal areas. Many plants can monitor air pollution.,镶厕甘嫩柬沏谗妒嘉脓随殆纷普歉绸托变禁瘦则挎诵呆颅觉整去乾螺寅宝园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1园林树木学西农-吉文丽第二章1,