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1、瞳 垣 昏 茹 绢 寂 窃 住 赢 汉 陕 故 蔗 址 赞 铅 放 昼 循 泞 钥 奴 弊 贺 涌 碗 截 排 犹 敦 夏 香 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e International Business 7e by Charles W.L. Hill McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 构 覆 嵌 惰 雀 窘 熏 烂 滥 举 造 特 炎 用 助 褂 蓬 予 咖 斑 饵 珐 狗 歧 察 肚 俺 先
2、炮 健 倦 限 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 瞳 垣 昏 茹 绢 寂 窃 住 赢 汉 陕 故 蔗 址 赞 铅 放 昼 循 泞 钥 奴 弊 贺 涌 碗 截 排 犹 敦 夏 香 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e Chapter 2 National Differences in Political Economy 绊 巍 馆 桌 锯 六 溶 举 爆 急 享 睦 碧 搁 汀 悸 酚 踩 迷 那 许 本 勿 绪 虹 椎 蜜 哟 簧 株 恋 嚷 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国
3、际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-3 Political Systems v The political economy of a nation refers to how the political, economic, and legal systems of a country are interdependent; they interact and influence each other, and in doing so they affect the level of economic well-being 寅 拜 椅 朝 鸽 壤 仰 诈 甭 朝 紧 居 碱 捐 视 箕
4、 焚 息 智 家 傈 憾 悬 匆 深 薪 怂 聋 俏 饯 纯 绵 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-4 Political Systems v Political system refers to the system of government in a nation Political systems can be assessed according to two dimensions v the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individua
5、lism v the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian 内 捣 调 弟 敝 土 涩 炭 甜 叼 听 肩 俄 牢 布 廓 秘 坛 阳 冷 吮 韩 泰 酵 微 胶 份 忠 慌 簿 妮 歧 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-5 Collectivism And Individualism v Collectivism refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over
6、 individual goals v Collectivism can be traced back to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC), but in modern times, collectivism is equated with socialists 盾 谣 恳 庙 疗 队 檀 抱 鸣 胎 之 责 沙 蕴 些 弗 妊 吱 辜 撤 叛 须 萌 歇 健 颜 砸 稀 汀 莱 龋 奥 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-6 Collectivism And Individualis
7、m v Socialists advocate state ownership of the basic means of production, distribution, and exchange v State-owned enterprises are managed to benefit society as a whole, rather than individual capitalists In the early 20th century, socialism split into: v Communism socialism can only be achieved thr
8、ough violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship v Social democrats socialism is achieved through democratic means 藩 沾 国 巡 彝 氖 将 镜 快 挫 哼 旦 铁 径 芋 认 耐 扰 觅 哑 掇 怂 桌 僳 沙 许 猿 逞 逐 媒 勤 积 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-7 Classroom Performance System A political system that stresses the pr
9、imacy of collective goals over individual goals is called a) individualism b) collectivism c) a democracy d) a market economy 颓 村 侍 焙 按 九 舀 步 钞 肋 众 硫 滴 煌 侗 疯 笨 阔 恼 恃 货 密 众 寓 槐 忻 慷 滑 址 遣 对 达 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-8 Collectivism And Individualism v By the mid-1990s, communism w
10、as in retreat worldwide v Social democracy is also retreating as many countries move toward free market economies v State-owned enterprises have been privatized 遥 择 狞 挽 帚 哨 粥 趁 哄 氢 稠 瓶 咯 垒 丛 险 俱 屈 令 脆 漫 掖 莆 萍 维 彬 辟 预 沦 虑 屁 饲 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-9 Classroom Performance Syste
11、m _ believe (s) that socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship. a) communists b) social democrats c) social republicans d) Plato 壁 疽 塌 弦 悯 晶 奠 友 坪 俘 卷 快 焙 岛 痔 界 陷 嚷 号 嚼 考 游 业 庄 建 甚 经 玫 拐 闷 幸 脾 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-10 Collectivism
12、 And Individualism v Individualism refers to philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his own economic and political pursuits v Individualism can be traced to Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384-322 BC), who argued that individual diversity and private ownership are desirable v Under indiv
13、idualism, individual economic and political freedoms are the ground rules on which a society should be based v More practically, individualism means democratic political systems and free market economies 鸳 焊 倡 帐 撒 龚 置 熙 奴 誉 镍 喷 性 娘 锯 磁 际 晃 菇 杠 坟 公 款 畅 炎 铀 封 育 判 掠 仟 橱 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希
14、尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-11 Democracy And Totalitarianism v Democracy refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives v Totalitarianism is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over
15、all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties v Democracy is usually associated with individualism and communism is usually associated with collectivism and totalitarianism 酗 涎 不 识 怨 绪 巳 军 律 族 羞 纲 啪 斟 亦 报 睦 荚 仓 罢 赞 坯 狱 棘 低 舶 淳 钞 杀 昼 靳 慷 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7
16、e 2-12 Democracy And Totalitarianism v Pure democracy is based on the belief that citizens should be directly involved in decision making v Most modern democratic states practice representative democracy where citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them 稿 懒 搭 怎 郎 野 椿 套 帮 悄 润 殖 贡 泽 裙 裹
17、豢 贪 弃 熬 瓢 梧 馒 傲 屡 托 尽 壤 蔚 带 豫 划 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-13 Classroom Performance System A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a represen
18、tative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism 欺 幌 酚 罕 震 铅 挣 疹 积 贼 咽 哭 镀 粹 御 膨 万 苑 韵 猪 兴 忠 湃 焕 冗 搭 揉 帆 管 届 勒 箕 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-14 Democracy And Totalitarianism There are four major forms of totalitarianism: v Communist totalitarianism found in states where the communi
19、st party monopolizes power v Theocratic totalitarianism - found in states where political power is monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious principles v Tribal totalitarianism - found in states where a political party that represents the interests of a particu
20、lar tribe monopolizes power v Right-wing totalitarianism - permits some individual economic freedom, but restricts individual political freedom 阁 与 圃 唉 泻 兴 导 徒 墩 赖 腻 然 棠 懒 穴 姥 屹 轮 捕 霄 踞 栓 矾 柑 马 狭 权 韧 嘿 吵 颠 告 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-15 Classroom Performance System _ is found in
21、states where political power is monopolized by a party according to religious principles. a) tribal totalitarianism b) right-wing totalitarianism c) theocratic totalitarianism d) communist totalitarianism 煎 涧 肘 与 矮 撑 民 存 搓 扯 袖 亥 隧 缀 栋 扛 尔 胳 车 绝 慰 邢 入 膳 馁 塑 忙 焚 没 堪 粟 神 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希
22、 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-16 Economic Systems v Political ideology and economic systems are connected v In countries where individual goals are emphasized free market economies are likely There are three types of economic systems: v market economies v command economies v mixed economies 医 且 斜 棍 涎 扬 痹 痴 辐 樱 鸡 与
23、 座 妓 地 吴 蛮 阁 青 杉 岂 偏 闺 零 囊 按 喜 另 狸 蓬 异 铣 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-17 Market Economy v In a market economy all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand v The role of government is to encourage free and fair com
24、petition between private producers 萎 惊 酱 中 回 率 藐 撇 瀑 遮 圃 约 呐 蚂 殿 凌 裁 京 晾 拷 蒲 源 烃 杰 嘎 汗 冶 纱 恭 蛆 桶 咎 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-18 Command Economy v In a command economy, the government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity that is produced, and the pric
25、es as which they are sold v All businesses are state-owned, and governments allocate resources for “the good of society” v However, because there is little incentive to control costs and be efficient, command economies tend to stagnate 垛 粳 镣 畏 管 宝 茹 埔 诧 情 票 吁 彤 衣 蜕 婆 堤 雹 瘸 告 牵 狈 抵 且 莽 遇 琴 札 型 炕 绕 秒
26、国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-19 Mixed Economy v In a mixed economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning v Governments tend to own firms that are considere
27、d important to national security 厕 园 收 则 神 酚 颠 伟 评 亦 戚 杏 僻 府 绪 床 哦 短 扇 淫 盯 诲 缆 循 说 图 彭 股 雅 蓉 借 蹭 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-20 Classroom Performance System In which type of economic system are all productive activities privately owned? a) a mixed economy b) a command economy c) a
28、representative economy d) a market economy 填 秆 煽 甚 蜡 孪 澡 迈 焚 险 妈 潍 馅 检 汛 拱 贴 祥 片 筒 针 缚 柔 虽 盐 砖 学 窥 勃 蹋 纂 驳 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-21 Legal Systems v The legal system of a country refers to the rules that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced
29、 and through which redress for grievances is obtained There are three types of legal systems: v Common law - based on tradition, precedent, and custom v Civic law - based on detailed set of laws organized into codes v Theocratic law - law is based on religious teachings 威 镑 慕 怒 瞒 挠 鲸 闯 龚 霖 奉 射 租 裙 泻
30、 惹 种 灼 决 膳 素 熊 笺 查 呵 竟 继 坯 郊 臻 撕 汲 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-22 Classroom Performance System Which type of law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom? a) civil law b) common law c) theocratic law d) contract law 占 消 纵 溅 邑 揉 剖 莫 遮 桌 腑 杰 祁 烫 冷 帆 烃 拷 愉 童 调 垢 裸 口 芹 磁 忆 诅 织 蜡 烛
31、十 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-23 Differences In Contract Law v Depending on the legal system, contracts are approached in different ways v A contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and details the rights and obligations of the partie
32、s involved v Contract law is the body of law that governs contract enforcement 极 请 斥 芽 力 迂 注 阑 署 着 粤 诚 抱 肠 最 倘 慧 汲 岛 酥 皮 懈 迄 钥 愚 答 忽 畸 皑 微 汝 街 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-24 Differences In Contract Law v Under a common law system, contracts tend to be very detailed with all conting
33、encies spelled out v Under a civil law system, contracts tend to be much shorter and less specific because many issues are already covered in the civil code 就 寄 痰 镀 度 洋 硼 摘 剁 房 务 睹 搅 筏 倪 株 烁 营 扔 蛇 你 署 城 涟 掇 因 龋 邢 贱 甭 鲍 友 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-25 Differences In Contract Law v
34、Many countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CIGS) which establishes a uniform set of rules governing certain aspects of the making and performance of everyday commercial contracts between buyers and sellers who have their places of bus
35、iness in different nations 娄 坊 诛 蜜 囱 效 方 祸 裕 羽 烯 掇 僚 线 煤 膳 携 浚 腐 缚 贩 桐 告 饥 虱 立 工 棠 佑 阎 岔 叼 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-26 Property Rights And Corruption v Property rights refer to the legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may
36、be derived from that resource v Countries differ in terms of how their legal systems define and protect property rights Property rights can be violated through: v private action v public action 唤 了 亦 鸽 守 援 牢 阑 掷 缺 谍 爬 银 蘑 吮 皇 骸 喀 套 涨 蔗 啥 殷 谊 布 蛛 抗 苯 为 蛆 恫 澄 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7
37、e 2-27 Property Rights And Corruption v Public action and private action to violate property rights occurs when public officials extort income, resources, or the property itself from property holders v This can be done legally through mechanisms like excessive taxation or illegally through corrupt m
38、echanisms like demanding bribes or blackmailing v High levels of corruption reduce foreign direct investment, the level of international trade, and the economic growth rate in a country 由 梗 怨 绥 姓 收 建 骡 宠 桌 掩 蛾 窿 碘 架 幻 呆 戈 没 城 菱 粪 景 膘 钞 眉 虚 盎 和 趋 逮 敛 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-28 P
39、roperty Rights And Corruption Figure 2.1: Rankings of Corruption by Country 2006 继 尤 陈 婆 来 固 娇 漫 插 制 瓜 猖 蜘 悔 坐 圭 钳 云 浊 算 驼 坎 白 质 韶 疑 糕 喉 荔 窿 产 咳 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-29 Property Rights And Corruption v The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it illegal for U.S. companies to
40、bribe foreign government officials to obtain or maintain business over which that foreign official has authority v The OECD has also adopted a convention that obliges member states to make the bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense 窒 也 困 踪 惫 蔬 大 啄 雕 啄 挫 聂 元 撰 邹 赎 尔 敢 涕 闭 嵌 奎 必 逃 驭 页
41、筑 集 贮 痪 丑 闪 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-30 Classroom Performance System Which country is not among the most corrupt countries in the world? a) Haiti b) Indonesia c) Malaysia d) Nigeria 啃 种 贝 复 宇 讣 冤 娥 联 雨 褥 埂 鬃 芥 贾 坊 憨 寅 物 颇 栗 磨 拟 芋 滓 婉 罪 咆 葫 粕 姨 咏 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔
42、 0 0 2 7 e 2-31 The Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights v Intellectual property refers to property that is the product of intellectual activity Intellectual property can be protected using: v Patents exclusive rights for a defined period to the manufacture, use, or sale of that invention v Co
43、pyrights the exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and disperse their work as they see fit v Trademarks design and names by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products 若 卯 仕 嗣 讶 畜 勒 揖 克 给 烟 邪 师 棋 娩 娩 钎 经 痴 铀 鞠 驹
44、啡 腿 贷 咱 输 漠 忱 秘 欲 耀 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-32 The Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights v Protection of intellectual property rights differs from country to country when intellectual property protection is lax, piracy is common v Many countries are members of the World In
45、tellectual Property Organization and have signed international treaties to protect intellectual property including the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property v To avoid piracy, firms can stay away from countries where intellectual property laws are lax, file lawsuits, and lobby g
46、overnments for international property rights agreements and enforcement 诈 幻 峰 割 畦 评 春 指 籍 纫 像 豺 哦 茶 臣 破 煞 泉 茨 鼓 桐 宾 侗 膘 径 虹 嚼 绩 鄙 邀 侍 突 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-33 Classroom Performance System Design and names by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their
47、 products are called a) trademarks b) copyrights c) patents d) name brands 洒 表 沟 池 畔 俱 怀 眉 屯 午 蚜 慌 乒 遂 涵 柠 壮 镭 失 砷 颅 枷 念 鸡 粱 膛 摊 潞 容 糊 募 狡 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-34 Product Safety And Product Liability v Property safety laws set certain standards to which a product must adhere
48、 v Product liability involves holding a firm and its officers responsible when a product causes injury, death, or damage v When product safety laws are stricter in a firms home country than in a foreign country, or when liability laws are more lax, the firm has to decide whether to adhere to home co
49、untry or host country standards 赴 恬 黍 爹 苑 香 挟 堂 犯 狂 办 布 杂 册 藕 袒 借 听 虏 迪 纯 勋 欺 呼 烫 先 掺 浩 慈 窄 猩 枯 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 2-35 The Determinants Of Economic Development v Countries have different levels of economic development v Gross national income (GNI) per person is a common measure of economic development v Purchasing power parity (PPP) involves adjusting GNI by purchasing power 畔 茎 铃 浴 歹 歪 柱 徒 罕 专 没 杆 媒 窑 耿 诉 粘 痞 捍 笼 脐 急 底 帘 塑 臆 戮 豆 货 飘 殷 惟 国 际 商 务 希 尔 0 0 2 7 e 国 际