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1、(最终完整版)I. Define the Following Terms.1. MorphemeMorpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)2. allomorphAllomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning.
2、 One of the variants that realize a morpheme3. bound morphemeBound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.4. free morphemeFree morphemes: Those which may occur alone, that is, those which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes.5. AffixAffix is the collect
3、ive term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6. inflectional affixInflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional7. derivational affixDerivational affixes(派生词缀)
4、 A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffixa prefix or suffix added to a root or stem to form another word, as un- in unread, -ness in likeness8. rootA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.9. stem A stem is the surplus part after the
5、cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.10. ReferenceReference is the conventional or arbitrary relationship between language and the world. Part of the word meaning is the reference.11. Motivation(理据)：Motivation re
6、fers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words are non-motivated.12. Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word.13.
7、 grammatical meaning（语法意义）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc14. associative meaningAssociative meaning(关联意义)
8、: According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker.15. Hyponymy(上下义关系)Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of an
9、other more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal16. stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.17. affective meaningAffectiv
10、e meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.18. collective meaningCollective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur
11、 in its environment.19. SlangSlang is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense.20. homophone同音异义词A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another w
12、ord but differs in meaning21. Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms? D APhonetic manipulation. BLexical manipulation. CFigures of speech. DPhrasal verbs.22.The sentence “I like Mary better than you.” is ambiguous due to _C_. Aextra-linguistic contextBlexical context Cgrammatic
13、al context Dhomonymy 23.Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? C ACreativity.BStability. CDuality. DAll national character. 24. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（A ） A. absolute and relativeB. absolute and complete C. relati
14、ve and nearD.complete and identical25. In the early period of Middle English, English, _D_ existed side by side. A.Celtic and DanishB. Danish and French C. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （C ）morpheme. A. formalB. concrete C. freeD. Bou
15、nd27. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（B ） A. TOEFL B.ODYSSEYC. BASICD. CCTV28. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words? B AThe rapid development of modern science and technology. BGeographical and political changes. CThe influence of other cultures and languages.
16、 DSocial and economic changes. 29. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT an example of neologisms? B ASARS. BCan-opener. CFuturology. DFreak out. 30. The written form of English is a(an)_C_representation of the spoken form.A. selectiveB. adequateC. imperfec
17、tD. naturalMatch the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) meaning of prefixes; 2) type of word formations; 3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms. A B（J）31Ultr- A. backformation （A）32burgle B. initialism （H）33pop C. transfer of sensation （C）34clear-sound
18、ing D. before （B）35VOAE. brim (waters edge the top edge of a cup)（D）36fore-F. mistress （F）37degradation G. succeed （I）38kick the bucket H. clipping （E）39extension I. die （G）40make itJ. extreme 41. What is lexical taxonomy词汇分类结构? Illustrate your points with examples.Lexical taxonomy is a classified s
19、tructure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicons is taxonomy. In the taxonomy relations, the lexicon contains a narrow type is taxonyms, while the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level
20、 are co-taxonyms, the relation between which is called co-taxonymy. Taxonomy denotes a relation of belonging: X is a kind/type/token of Y. In this case, X represents the taxonyms, Y represents superodinated.For examples: horse is a kind of animal; Carrot is a kind of vegetable; Chair is a kind of fu
21、rniture; Hammer and saws are kind of tools;Usually, the types in taxonomy relations are wider than the breeds: animalhorse, vegetablecarrot, etc. 42. What is amelioration of meaning? What is degradation of meaning? Illustrate your points with examples.（1） Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华: t
22、he process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. eg：knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵（2） Elevation of Meaning ( or amelioration) (词义的升格) It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. e.g. marshal: a s
23、ervant who looks after mares/keeper of horse minister: servant nice: ignorant, foolish（3） Degradation of Meaning ( or degeneration) (词义的降格)It is a process whereby non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from neutral to
24、 pejorative than it is for them to go the other way e.g.sad: calm, serious - sorryful cunning: knowing a skillful- gossip , crafty. wench: girl, young woman- a loose woman , prostitute boor : peasant - ill-mannered personfond: foolish 43.What is transferred epithet转移修饰词? Illustrate it with examples.
25、An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. For instance, in dreamless sleep, dreamless is the epithet.In a transferred epithet (also known as hypallage; literally echange) the adjective or adverb is transferred from the noun it logical
26、ly belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically. So in dreamless night , dreamless is a transferred epithet. The exact meaning of the sentence is night when I (or whoever) slept without dreaming, since a night cant actually dream anyway.We use transferred epithets all t
27、he time. Another example could be I had a terrible day. Terrible is a transferred epithet, because it wasnt the day that was terrible, only the things that happened to me on that day. A more poetic example would be a long and weary road - long can apply logically to the road, but not weary so weary
28、is a transferred epithet44.What is synaesthesia? Illustrate it with examples.Synaesthesia is a joining together of sensations that are normally experienced separately. Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete experienced synesthesia that li
29、nked all five senses. Given the large number of forms of synesthesia, researchers have adopted a convention of indicating the type of synesthesia by using the following notation x y, where x is the inducer or trigger experience, and y is the concurrent or additional experience. For example, perceivi
30、ng letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme color synesthesia (e.g., A is likely to be red). In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example, 1980
31、 may be farther away than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional) view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise)V. State the glocalization of English languageGlocalisation (or glocalization) is a compound word of globalization and localization. By definition, the term “glocal” refers to th
32、e individual, group, division, unit, organisation, and community which is willing and able to “think globally and act locally.”Glocalization A combination of the words “globalization” and “local,” which suggests the unique local and situated forms and effects of widespread and even global processes.
33、 For example: the words “chipmunk”, ”moose” come from India language; the word “brandy” and “landscape” come from Holland; the words “cargo”, “contraband” come from Spanish; the words “acme”, “acrobat” and “catastrophe” come from Greek.V.State the features of English idioms with examples.1.Idiomatic
34、ity(习用性): The idiom is widely used by English-American countries, and it has a wide social base and strong vitality. Such as: rain cats and dogs, cut off ones nose to spite ones face, play ones cards close to ones chest, etc.Some of them have platitudes, some have already lost the original cultural
35、context. But they are still widely used owing to its certain meaning in peoples lives.2. Syntactic frozenness(定型性): The syntactic frozenness of the idiom is also called the Syntactic fixedness(固定性). Like Chinese idiom, The form of a idiom is fixed, it cant be syntactically changed or replaced. Only
36、a small part of the idioms can be replaced by other words, but these changes are fixed, too. For example: in the idiom “draw ones teeth”, the word “teeth” can be changed by “fangs”.Most of them cant be changed, or the meaning will be way different. For example: the idiom “stare one in the face” is d
37、ifferent from the idiom “look one in the face”. 3.Semantic utility(整体性)：The idiom has the characteristic that it has to be used as a whole semantic unit. Although the idioms have various forms such as sentence, phrase and single word, every part of them is tight related and inseparable. In another w
38、ord, we cannot judge a idioms meaning word by word. Example：: be/feel under the weather(感觉不舒服)、beat generation（迷惘的一代）、on the carpet(受罚，受训)The semantic utility is an important feature to tell the idioms from free phrases.4.Semantic opacity(不透明性)：The other obvious feature of idioms is semantic opacity
39、, which means the idiom cant be understand literally. According to the degrees of opacity, the idioms can be classified into four types: transparent（透明）；eg. Long time no see. semi-idiom(半成语)，eg. A fat salary. semi-transparent, eg. a watched pot never boils.心急水南开 opaque(不透明)，eg. kick the bucket, 死去、断气 Like the feature of Semantic utility, Semantic opacity is also a symbol of the idiom.