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1、.APA Citation StyleAPA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation
2、 in the reference list and vice versa.The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most commontypes of sources used in academic research. For additional examples and more detailedinformation about APA citation style, refer to thePublication Manual of the AmericanPsy
3、chological Associationand theAPA Style Guide to Electronic References.Also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographiccitation management program such asRefworksor EndNote. You can find more informationon this in ourCitation Managementpage.Reference Cita
4、tions in TextIn APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.Examples:Works by a single authorThe last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in th
5、e text at the appropriate point.from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.Simon (1945) posited thatWorks by multiple authorsWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names ev
6、ery time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)In the narrative text, join the names with the word and.as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all
7、authors the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (Latin for and others) and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corpo
8、rations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health NIMH, 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first referen
9、ce and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first tw
10、o or three words of the works title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate ch
11、ange (Climate and Weather, 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices(1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include
12、the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996)overstatedthecasewhen he assertedthatwe seemtobe reaching.fromthehandsofphilosophers(p.218).If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals),
13、provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation para. or the heading and following paragraph.(M?nnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)Reference ListReferences cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to id
14、entify and retrieve each source.?Order:Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors last names.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.?Authors:Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Usean ampersand (&) inst
15、ead of the word and when listing multiple authors of a single work.e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.?Titles:Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names thatare part of a title.?Pagination:Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articlesfrom periodical
16、s that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. Theseabbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters fromedited books.?Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and allsubsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a
17、hanging indent.?Underlining vs. Italics*:It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining fortitles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.?Internet Address*:A stable Internet address should be included and shoulddirect the read
18、er as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital objectidentifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site y
19、ou retrieved the work from.?Date:If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of ajournal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the workis not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article,include
20、 the date that you retrieved the information.* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics inmanuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For moredetailed information on these publication standards, refer to thePublication Manu
21、al of theAmerican Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determinetheir style preferences.* See theAPA Style Guide to Electronic Referencesfor information on how to format URLsthat take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersR
22、eferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu,G. (2008).Learningtode-escalate:The effectsofregretinescala
23、tionofcommitment.OrganizationalBehaviorand HumanDecision Processes,105 (2), 221-232.doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparitiesconsultation and outreach strategies for universitysettings.Consulting Psycholog
24、y Journal: Practice andResearch,59 (4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online.Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership,followership, and evolution: Some lessons from thepast.American Psychologist,63 (3), 182-196.doi:10.1037
25、/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle,P.B.(2008,July-August).Copyrightrenewal,copyrightrestoration, and the difficulty of determining copyrightstatus.D-Lib Magazine,14 (7/8).doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, Jul
26、y 21). Information worthbillions.Fortune,158 (2), 73-79. Retrieved from BusinessSource Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved fromMagazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love.Time ,171 (4),54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs pricessurge, ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylerice cartel.(2
27、008,May 5).The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print.Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its onlineoptions.The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire b
28、ook must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder,T.(1981
29、).The soulofa new machine . Boston,MA: Little,Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007).Principles ofmacro-economics(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000).Tasmanian year boo
30、k2000 (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory:Author. Retrieved from.$Edited book.Gibbs, J.T.,& Huang,L.N.(Eds.).(2001).Children of color:Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the
31、 following elements: author, date of publication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007).Crossing bou
32、ndaries in urban ecology:Pathways to sustainable cities(Doctoral dissertation).AvailablefromProQuestDissertations& Thesesdatabase.(UMINo. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date o
33、f publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo,J.(2003).Bodyand voice:The constructionofgenderinflamenco.InT.Magrini(Ed.),Musicand gender:perspectivesfromtheMediterranean(pp.67-86)
34、.Chicago,IL:Universityof Chicago Press.Two editors.Hammond, K.R.,& Adelman,L.(1986).Science,values,and humanjudgment.InH. R. Arkes& K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgementanddecisionmaking:An interdisciplinaryreader(pp.127-143).Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and
35、entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encycloped
36、ia set or dictionarySadie,S.,& Tyrrell,J.(Eds.).(2002).The new Grovedictionaryof music and musicians(2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY:Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization.(2008).InEncyclop?diaBritannica. RetrievedMay 6, 2008, fromEncyclopedia articleKinni,T. B. (2004).Disney,W
37、alt(1901-1966):FounderoftheWaltDisney Company. InEncyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp.345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papers.References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publi
38、sher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human
39、 Services. (2005).Medicaiddrug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price topublished prices(OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240).Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from 05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressionalBudgetOffice.(2008).Effectsofgasolinepriceson dri
40、ving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study(CBOPublication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. Retrieved fromTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008).The lengthening ofchildhood(NBER WorkingPaper14124).Cambridge,MA: NationalBureau
41、of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, fromDocument available on university program or department site.Victor,N. M. (2008).Gazprom:Gas giantunderstrain.Retrievedfrom Stanford University, Programon Energy and SustainableDevelopment Web site:Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media m
42、ust include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocasset
43、te/DVDAchbar,M. (Director/Producer),Abbott,J.(Director),Bakan,J.(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004).ThecorporationDVD. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhatHanh,T.(Speaker).(1998).Mindfulliving:a collectionofteachings on love, mindfulness, and meditationCassetteRecording. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).(1980).Nine to fiveMotion Picture. United States:Twentieth Century Fox.