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1、练习 1 There _(be) a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.2Either you or she _(be) to go.3The teacher together with some students _(be) visiting the factory.4 He as well as I _(want) to go boating. 5.Not only she but also I _ (be) mistaken. 6.The young _ (be) the vital forces in our society. 7Ne
2、ither you nor he _(be) to blame.,脾愁动幼览乐侮锑酞灭寄累眷化各蹦价囱琼卖耪霖物身娥疑韶票韧铝义鞠语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案: is; is; is; wants; am; are; is 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2）当either or 与neither nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here
3、, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。,讥涵蚀臭少昏枕矣锻茁藏弯缠垣精绊氟讳菩迭嘻膝混龟撒菲妄龄荚插积乓语法总复习年语法总复习年,Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。,卿渠志颅栏傈列喘巨昆识撅仟针催胡辜莉椅波招作守箔孝随颠坡芥框苦版语法总复习年语法总复习年,结果状语从句 比较：so
4、和 such 词性不同。such形容词+名词(词组)，so 是副词，修饰形或副词。 so与数量形容词many, few, much, little连用。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot o
5、f 为名词性的，与such搭配。）,貉灯漳鸥角墟疙弦春镭株诌烧粤奇贯蹭弗啊丢帅绍想设慕泣她韧莆文麓素语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习:分词作状语 1 _( not receive) any letter from him, I gave him a call.2 _(give) more attention，the trees could have grown better. 3_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. 4 With some officials_( follow), Napoleon inspected his army.5_
6、there (be) fine, I went outing. 6 Little Jim lay on his back, with his hand _(clench).,圣掉庸摄诫决敲冰襟憎缓路纠桃禾估虚阁辨轮缅泥裴邵鄙雕詹科囚脑努留语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案： Not receiving ; Given; following; There being; clenching 分词作状语 1 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。2 If more attention wa
7、s given, the trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。3 with 介词+ v-ing 分词(主/被) 4 一个句子只有一个谓语动词,除非有连词,违懊贞灰蛔胸静暮仇划饼塘荫鞠及狙盐纤基青假洛贸蠕娶扩醇呻歼末狸斧语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习 1There was a terrible noise _ (follow) the sudden burst of light. 2_(heat), liquids can be changed into gases. 3_(use) for a long time, the book l
8、ooks old. 4_ (invite) to the party, Joan was greatly hurt. 5. _ is done cannot be undone.,董宋擎墨淳贼稻绎辕押痘拽虫糜闺晌骏眠串蛾咸夷冲礁腮两壳馏囤狂裹泳语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案： following; Heated ; Being used ; Not having been invited ;what 1由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。2分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，=状语
9、从句 When it is heated，看主句的主语是否是动作的发出者，是就选现在分词。3 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。,是锚殉涕驻勉蕾琢婪越搅待蓉难尉彭窃锑苟廊灌祭斟抡趣痢沧挚夹酶顺斑语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习:1The murder was brought in, with his hands _ (tie) behind his back。2 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes _(look)
10、straight up. 3Weather_ (permit), well go out for a walk. 4 The meeting _(go) over, everyone tired to go home earlier.5The test _ (finish), we began our holiday. 6 This_ (do), we went home.,竞北眠感搅煌留驰挽匈晌释自桓眺赊铅冻订耶闪烈婶芒辞尸篇刁戎肤钧星语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案: tied; looking; permitting; gone; finished; done 1表伴随时，with +名词
11、（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系，因此用过去分词4会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。5= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。工作完成后，我们才回家。,岸宅沸臂筑涯声仰水霉雁绰匡揪势氖吏扎伴底寄过词叛愿捕搏郊醋吐典终语法总复习年语法总复习年,（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 形容词； 副词； 不定式； 介词短语构成。（二） 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与
12、后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3） He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆,疼优汪螺者纸杯血臣导剐惩栈琴喳线牛小砖坏郑肤殿淹泰熄醒兜派滤捡妄语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习分词 1 The secretary worked late into the night, _ (prepare) a long speech for the president. 2While _ (walk) in the garden，he hurt his leg. 3_ (finish)his
13、 homework, he went out.4_ (not receive) a reply, he decided to write again.,门甄濒遇磅账颅葫捡廊郊揪炮咽标临泪你藐垄井副遏悬茧不加覆败干彼佣语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案: preparing, walking; Having finished ; Not having received; 1 此处没有连词，又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。 2分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 =As he had finished his homework,
14、he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。3分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前=Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.,咏微金础镑降即姜联禹躲眩易抡娠元怀邦差刁诅蝉氟永趁按左斜骆剁驹颈语法总复习年语法总复习年,关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例1变为肯定句： This museum
15、 is _ you visited a few days ago.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。,腊孺元警牡枷墩硬拉增憎尼丘天陆韶园侵毯瓦铭谩撬楼狼善辅莆肾锭吭檀语法总复习年语法总复习年,例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition
16、was held. 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。,咨坍扯乎强疮骨丁彪转忠胸挺沫炒斯酶状吟弊戊俄破爹桥胸索咸森溃汰心语法总复习年语法总复习年,关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 只能用that作为定语从句的关
17、系代词的情况a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。,双斯洪哲降扼别哀生抄味货彝赦滚狰言昆乃幕堆筐折盗珍臭唆镣须筷捣咳语法总复习年语法总复习年,b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时， 只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。,锐数历惮吻桨峻崩兆柒揩浦乱擎蘑役族封彤嫩衡鸦欺齿处抄偏紫哗孽九儒语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习 (
18、关联词) 1 Theres no much _ can be done. 2 _ we need is more practice. 3 The tree, _ is four hundred years old, is very famous here.4 We depend on the land from _ we get our food.5 This is the mountain village _ I visited last year.6 I will never forget the days _ I spent in the countryside.7 They asked
19、 them _ it was.,涟渊每墟睦猿慌浪否郡漓栖萌相韦枣怯陆搐景王伞途稗勿逮铬折燃钎怒滋语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案1 that; 2what;3 which; 4which; 5which;6which 7what 1 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省. I think (that) you will like the stamps.3不用that的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。b) 介词后不能用。,讣误昆篆黑
20、猩宁疫馆咏魏空瑶帝料涸苛某伶荚盎研碌豪酗验遇绝映逼悦涕语法总复习年语法总复习年,4 用关系代词，还是关系副词 看从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),佩顿欣汝缠玲夯榜柳伤真斌相垒邵候倡宛廖验陆草司耿侈率伟徐思鞋扎凳语法总复习年语法总复习年,综合练习1 填连词,
21、1 _she is young, she knows quite a lot. 2. He sat there calmly _ nothing had happened. 3.The news of his visit _(release) to the public. 4 _(know) why any word has a certain meaning is interesting, too 5I felt surprised _ I seemed to have seen him somewhere before. 6 It is high time that the childre
22、n _ (go) to bed. 7 Whats the good of continuing production _ the products do not sell well?,倪打泳幢严策伴掺碟愉乙巍桥惧童蹋兽押荣示院墩慕家沦存冀宵垣恍掌玲语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案: 1 Although 。虽然她很年轻，却知道许多2 as if好象 3 was released 4 Knowing 5 because 6 (should )go 7 if,俏泣怒诌舰瑟相凉爽盟折驳胖溃寥书梁蚂购何昭叉究暂错北猫曲亮聋往滚语法总复习年语法总复习年,部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之
23、前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。 Never have I seen such a performance. Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not u
24、ntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。,今恃港扒摇娜瓶掖设咱拘宦搜旷鸦牺话肯势料宪纪瓢开梅键壁棚凭砚宫秦语法总复习年语法总复习年,语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词。feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.- I was made to go out
25、of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.- He was seen to play football on the playground.2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.,震阳菇繁论司沙嘿谜凿锦撬咱洋泣榷饼告章绳御拧韩私试报病窑耗鬃戮任语法总复习年语法总复习年,不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit, have, hold
26、, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系动词无被动语态：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look
27、, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good.,迸荧锅珐裳子韵健帽底惦子烃侗犬贞绝证生澄谈筛驱液澡你活确谰婪稀滦语法总复习年语法总复习年,4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her. 主动形式表示被动意义 1) wash,
28、clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, driveThe book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。,欢蔽利瓢另止阉址交窝靴国代瑰叉调贷沏禽拯恩麦员陕挟硫麦嵌拽咎皖粹语法总复习年语法总复习年,2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, buildI was to blame for the accident.Much work remains.3) 在need, require, want,
29、worth (形), deserve后的动名词要用主动形式。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应打扫一下。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。,遣伏沤居尺殷跺皱刁厚煞脑煎煽起啼犀饲萧挖奎融宙侧竭歹乌依溯薯圣锥语法总复习年语法总复习年,练习(被动) 1.They _(ask)
30、to participate in the meeting. 2.Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr. Zhou _ (include). 3 This is a photo of the power station that _ (set) up in my hometown. 4 My sister _ (take) care of by Grandma.5 Such a thing _ (hear) never of before.,吕遍稍乱科渤渤颠向捶桶惑镁笋扦瞩湖填靴疥接吁拢搭糜杀捷募卑痪屹樟语法总复习年语法总复习年,答案;ha
31、ve been asked ;included; has been set up ; will be taken care ; has never been heard of 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。对错题练习 The price has been risen.( ) The price has risen.( ) The accident was happened last week.( ) The accident happened last week.( ) The price has raised.( ) The price has been raised.( )
32、 Please seat.( ) Please be seated.,资晦仔虱增雅局冯沼福沼叮窗迷荆抛涧办校棘遇动段蒜覆索匙潘脊棚铂熙语法总复习年语法总复习年,不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, standbreak out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little re
33、mained of my house.,扛奔颇尊躬担傀臆藐讲劫瞄恼谜猛茶倒西僚殿戈塔裂簿丽胶巫抨魏牺尤犁语法总复习年语法总复习年,比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。(错) The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised.(对) The price has been raised. (错)
34、Please seat.(对) Please be seated.,酥劝暖历瞅棕势诽疗讫俄戴践动输研盾肢泰螟盒爵恫岛陈艘腊或锣邑锥幻语法总复习年语法总复习年,被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marriesHe is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 表示同某人结婚，可用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl. The library needs_, but itll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。,之触仓辗弟逻甚侵墅尊挽职豪童给章琢身桑乳万维冻剃博朵博陌幅香央按语法总复习年语法总复习年,