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1、How to write a literature review,Team members: Hua Shixian Ruan Chaohui，Huang Rizhen，Zuo Bo，Chen Ling,Focuses,1.What is a review of the literature?,2.Why do we write literature review?,3.How to write literature review ?,4.Cited sources in a literature review,5. Order of Citations,6.Verb Tense in Cit
2、ation,1. What is a review of the literature?,According to the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as
3、such, do not report any new or original experimental work.,A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previou
4、s research on the topic.,2. Why do we write literature review?,Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports tha
5、t keep them up to date with what is current in the field.,3. How to write: (1)Four stages,1. Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?,2. Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject being explored,3. Data evaluation determining whic
6、h literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic,4. Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature,(2) Four tasks,A literature review must do these things: be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research q
7、uestion you are developing synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research,(3) Elements comprised in literature review,An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along w
8、ith the objectives of the literature review,Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative thesis entirely),Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others,Conclusions as to wh
9、ich pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research,(4) Strategies for writing the literature review,Find a focus: not just simply list your sources and go into deta
10、il about each one of them, one at a time. Construct a working thesis statement：argue for a particular perspective on the material Use evidence：interpretation must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. Be selective： Select only the most important points in each source
11、to highlight in the review.,Summarize and synthesize： Remember to summarize and synthesize your sources within each paragraph as well as throughout the review. While the literature review presents others ideas, your voice (the writers) should remain front and center.,Cited sources in a literature re
12、view,We cannot imagine one can fulfill the writing of a literature review without referring to any bibliography. In other words, to make a literature review more convincing, the writer has to have some cited sources in his or her literature review.,How to quote,As for the writing of a literature rev
13、iew for his or her graduation paper, one needs to do the following:A. Cite and quote when necessaryB. Use in-text citationsC. Number of cited sources (at least 20)D. All cited sources must be listed in the bibliography.,5. Order of Citations,1) Chronological： earliest latest 2) General to specific:
14、remotely related closely related 3) Different approaches: one approach + another + still another approach,59- 13,59- 14,Following is part of a literature review taken from the introduction to a paper in the field of English learning. The sentences are given here in scramble order. Arrange the senten
15、ces in the order you feel they should appear in the original text. The review begins with sentence B.,59- 15,Stylistic Variations in Science Lectures _A. Pang and Wright (2005) broadened the linguistic focus to include some pedagogical and sociolinguistic aspects of lecturing, such as setting, level
16、 of formality, participant roles, and lecture topics. _B. Most research on the lecture method has been conducted in a native-speaker context. _C. The role of vocabulary in mediating instruction has recently attracted the attention of applied linguists. _D. A number of studies have so far examined th
17、e ways information is presented in lectures; and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). _ E. Lee (2006) has examined function of definitions in science lectures. _ F. Only a few researchers have consi
18、dered the special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards and recommendations for improving the study skills of native speakers have been proposed (e.g., North et al., 2000; Murphy, 2002; Hall, 2005). F. Only a few researchers have considered the
19、 special problems foreign students may have with lectures given in English (Ding, 1999; Young Richards the priority of a specific study, use past tense.,59- 18,Information prominent: Present,59- 19,Author prominent: Past,59- 20,Author prominent: present perfect,When authors emphasize the research or
20、 study of several authors, we often use the present perfect tense.,59- 21,Author prominent: Attitude and tense (1),Note :The attitudes of the authors to the previous studies cited also affect the choice of verb tenses. If the results of the past are very important, or directly related to the author
21、engaged in research work, the authors will choose the present tense, otherwise, use the past tense.,59- 22,Author prominent: Attitude and tense (2),Some Tips,Review the previous studies, in chronological order. When narrative using the past tense, and comment use the present perfect tense. use fuzzy and speculation language. The main subject is the third person, sometimes using the first person plural. The comparison or evaluation language would be better. To definite the purpose of the literature review. To review the latest developments,