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1、Grammar,介词和介词短语,介词是高考中的一个重要考点，在连续六年的广东高考中都有专门考查介词的，占语法填空的五分之一。主要考点有：,the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me _a guest in their house. (2007NMET),思路分析：句意是“把我作为客人接待”，表示“当作，作为”用介词as。,as,I wanted to reward the old woman _the trouble I had ca
2、used her. (2007NMET),思路分析：句意是“我想酬谢我给她造成了麻烦的那个年迈的妇女。” 表示“因而酬谢/报答某人”，是reward sb. for sth,即用for引出原因,故填for。类似的 还有thank you sb. for sth; praise sb. for sth.; punish sb. for sth.,for,He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day. (2008NMET广东),思路分析：累了必定是在干了一整天活之后，故填after；另外，表示“因而累”，be tired from也是固定短语，故也可
3、填from。 Be tired of 对厌倦 I am tired of living abroad. 我对生活在国外感到厌倦了。,after/from,Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese peoples daily life. _ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. (2008NMET广东),思路分析：因these proverbs是名词，且不是作主语、宾语、表语等，前面很可能是填介词；句意是“在中国的这些成语故事的背后常常有
4、有趣的故事”，表示“在背后”，用介词behind。,Behind/In,Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes _ sale. (2009),因表示“出售”的on sale是固定搭配。,on,When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already _ table having supper. Her mother was ex
5、cited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane _ (inform). (2009NMET广东),at,was informed,His teacher took a deep drink,smiled _(warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. The young man went home_ a happy heart.(2010广东) We understand this lesson best _ we receive gif
6、ts of love from children. Whether it is a cheap pipe on a diamond necklace, the proper response is appreciation. We love the idea within the gift rather than the thing.,warmly,with,when,I didnt want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didnt like leaving him_ 23_his own either.(2011广东） .the new
7、 boy looked at the teacher _ 23_ a few seconds .（2012广东）,on,for,1. 什么情况下可能是填介词？ 我们首先必须知道两点： (1)介词必须要接宾语，其宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词，或者what从句； (2)名词、代词或动名词在句中通常作主语、动词的宾语、介词的宾语。 因此，我们在解答语法填空时，若空格后是名词、代词或动名词时，且他们不是在句中作主语，也不是在动词后作宾语时，这个格空就很可能是填介词。,解题技巧,2. 应该填哪个介词？ 在判断可能填介词之后，要根据具体的语境来确定填哪个介词，特别是根据空格所在句子的意思来选择一个恰当的介
8、词。,第一类：和时间有关的介词,1. in at on 1) _ the day 2) _ the evening 3) _ daybreak 4) _ midnight 5)_ six oclock 6) _ dusk 7) _ a cold day 8) _ a summer evening 9) _ Sunday 10) _ December 12th 2009 早、晚 都要用in at 黎明、午、夜、点与分 on在特定的某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上等,in,in,at,at,at,at,on,on,on,on,注： 1)_ weekends 2)_ Christmas/ Easter
9、 3)_ May 4) _ a week 5)_ the fall 6) He will come back _ ten days 7) _ arriving, we started to work. 8）He jumped with joy_ hearing the news. 在周末和泛指圣诞节、复活节、感恩节等前用at 说到星期，月份，季节，世纪等较长的时间时，要用in 在将来时中，in加一段时间表示多久以后 on+ doing “一就.”= on +该动词的名词形式,at,at,in,in,in,in,on,On,2. before / after ; ago / later 1) _
10、 supper 2) _1970 3) _ coming to college 4) A week _ 5) a minute _ 6) Ten days _ before, after表时间点；ago, later表时间段 注： 1) He had studied French for four years _ he came here. 2) He fell ill three days _ before可接完成时，ago过去时有限,before/after,before/after,before/after,ago/later,ago/later,ago/later,before,ago
11、,3. to till/ until They worked from five _ ten Lets start now and work _ dark He usually pays me on Friday but last week he didnt pay me _ the fol-lowing Monday Well stay here _ it stops raining from.to till / until not.until,to,till/until,till/until,till/until,4. from, since , for She is singing_ m
12、orning to night. He has been here_ Monday He left school in 1983I havent seen him _ then I havent seen Tom _ two years. He travelled in the desert _ six months from和to不可分； since只用完成时, 从句常是一般过去时 for常接一段时间,from,since,since,for,for,5. by +时间 “在这一时刻或者是在这一时刻之前”，且常常可以和完成时连用 火车6点10分发车，所以你最好在6点之前到 达火车站。 The
13、 train starts at 610，so you had better be at the station by 600. 到7月底我将已把那些书全读完了。 By the end of July Ill have read all those books,6. during in within 1) I learned a lot _ the holiday/my stay there. 2) She was born _ 1997. 3) Mr Black visited our school _ 2009, not 2008 4) They worked hard. They fin
14、ished the work _ 2 days at last. During和in两者在一般情况下可以相互替换，但是 强调动作的延续性时候常用during，而强调动作 发生在段时间中的某一点时候常用in，同 时，当表示对比的时候，常用in。 within强调的是不超过.， 在之内,During,in,in,within,7. over+时间 强调“过完”，有时表示“一 边一边” 他的孙儿孙女们将在这过完周末。 His grandchildren will stay over the weekends. 他们一边喝咖啡一边聊天。 They chatted over a cup of coffe
15、e. 8. throughout强调 “从头至尾”， “至始至终” 整个会议过程中他一句话都没有说。 He kept silent throughout the meeting.,9. towards +时间 表示 “接近，快到” 快到半夜了他们才离开。 They left towards midnight. 注： 1) Our teacher is very patient towards us. 2) The little boy ran towards his mother. towards 还可表示对待(某人)和(朝)方向 相当于to,2. in + 时间段 在之后（内），多用于将来时
16、 after +时间段 在之后， 多用于过去时 1. Mr Brown has gone to Canada.He will be back _ two weeks. A. for B. after C. in 2. Our manager came back _ an hour. A. in B. after C. at 3. They have been here _ an hour. A. for B. after C. in,第二类 表示方位的介词,in at 1)He lives _ a great city while his parents live _ a village. 2
17、)There is a shop _the corner of the street. 3) He hid the book _ the corner of the desk. 4). He was swimming _ the lake. 5). They were walking _ the lake. 小地方at, 大地方in; at表附近，in表里 注意：at sea,in,in,in,at,at,at,in into I poured the beer _ the cup. He put his hands _ his pockets. Someone must have broke
18、n _. into常常表示进入.；而in一般无此用 3. in to on Taiwan lies _ the east of China Taiwan is _ the southeast of Fujian . China faces the Pacific _ the east. in内 to外，on表接壤,into,into,in,in,to,on,on above over; below under There is a lake_ the village, further down the valley. Theres a bridge _ the river. Theres a
19、bag _ the desk. above, below斜上/下方，over, under垂直上/下方， on是一般要接触 They are children above six years old. In the company, Dick ranks above Tom He considered himself above doing such things. above还可表年龄、职位和不屑 The car is under repair. under还可以表示正在之中 under discussion/ construction,below,over,on,beneath 太阳此刻落
20、到地平线下了。 The sun is now beneath the horizon beneath 可以代替under He is beneath his brother intellectually. He considered that job beneath him beneath也可表抽象和比喻 “低于” “不适合”,6. through, across, over, by 1) He went _ the forest by himself. 2) He walked _ me without speaking. 3) You must be careful when you wa
21、lk _ the road. 4) He jumped _ the wall across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过 through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越 over (从物体上面）跃过 by 在.旁边,through,by,across,over,across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过 through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越 over (从物体上面）跃过,7. to at He shouted _ me with anger. He shouted _ me so that I could hear him. at 侧重是攻击，to一般是善意 come to/at talk to
22、/ at present (a knife) to/at,at,to,8. between, among 1). The girl sits _ Jane and Mary. 2). The teacher is standing _ the students. between 是两，among 是大于等于三 注： 1) She takes some medicine _ three meals. 三者以上事物, 把这些事物分别看待，强调两两之间 的时候仍用between 2) I am _ the top students. among还可表示包括在其中=be included in,bet
23、ween,among,9. beyond 在的那一边 山那边是一片浓密的森林。 Beyond the mountains is a thick forest. 注： 1) Its benefits go beyond this. 2) Dont stay there beyond the visiting hours. 3) The road continues beyond the village up into the hill. beyond还可以表示超出.范围 beyond the ordinary/ the age of 20/ones reach/ ones description
24、/ ones grasp,against 表示靠着，依着 他的办公桌靠墙放着。 His desk lies against the wall. 注： 1) We bought some warm clothes against the coming winter 2) The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods. 3) She has said nothing against you. 4) It is against the school rules to speak in class. against还可以
25、表示预防，以为背景，不利 于， 违反等意思,along 沿着，顺着 沿着长平路一直往前走, 穿过两个十字路口 后你就会发现沃尔玛超市在你的左手边. Walk along Changping Road and go across two crossings. And then you will find the Wal- Mart Market is on your left. 注： 1). Come along with us. 2). Get along well with others. along还可以表示 “和.一起”,12. off (从上)移开、落下、离开 see / take /
26、 set / fall. off 在(离岸边不远的)海面; 与相距 islands off the coast The ship sank off the harbor. 注：1) My hometown is more than 1,000 off. 2) The day for CEE is about 200 days off. 空间或时间上的相距 3) I will be off tomorrow. 离开或休假 4) The electricity is off. 断电 5) He offered to take 10% off the price. 低于.; 折价,第三类 和原因有关
27、的介词 1. for表示原因经常用在一些固定搭配中： thank /forgive/reward/admirefor 2. with 后面接词或短语 他们欣喜若狂。 They were wild with joy. tremble with fear/laughter/ cold be tired with/ hands are rough with work 3. at 常放在表示情绪变化的此后 be shocked at/ puzzled at/ amused at/ delighted at/ angry at sth,in 用材料、语言、声音、现金等 with 用具体的工具、身体器官等
28、（有形的） by 用方式、方法、手段（无形的）;交通通讯工具 1. My mother often go to work _ bike. 2. If you are able to get the tickets tomorrow, please tell me _ phone. 3.The teacher is writing on the paper _ red ink and the blackboard _ a piece of chalk. 4.Can you say it _ English? 5. Please pay _ cash. 6. My American friend
29、is learning to eat _ chopsticks. 7. One smells _his nose.,第四类 表示方式、手段的介词,by,by,in,with,in,in,with,with,注: by+交通工具的名词=in /on+冠词+交通工具 by bike= on a bike by bus= on a bus by car= in a car 但是on foot 例外,第五类 表示除外的介词 1. but 表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all, who 等连用。当but前有do的任何
30、形式，后接动词原形。 2. besides 表示包含, 除 . 之外还有. 3. except 表示排除, 除 .之外。指的是同一类中除去其他个体。 4. except for 表示除去整体中的部分,指的是同一物中除去例外的一部分 “只是, 只不过” 5. apart from =except / besides,1. There is no one here _ me. 2. Last night I did nothing _ watch TV. 3. We go there every day _Sunday. 4. The composition is quite good _ the
31、 spelling. 5. _ basketball, I like playing Pingpang. 6. You have no choice _ to wait. 7. Li Long is a good student _ his laziness.,but,but,except,except for,Besides,but,except for,第六类 表示所属关系的介词 to, of, for 1) Have you got the key _ the lock? 2) Do you know the answer _ the question? 3) He broke one
32、leg _ the table. 4) Are you used to the customs _ the country? 5) There is not enough food _ supper. 6) I have two tickets _ the film. to key、answer、reply、invitation、Monument、note、exit、entrances 、bridge、road、way、solution、visit of 表“所有”关系。(即: 介词of前的事物是后面事物不可分割的部分) for 表 “适合”关系.(即:介词for前的事物只适合后面这一特定事物
33、),to,to,of,of,for,for,第七类 表示关于的on和about 1) The teacher told us a story _ Lei Feng. 2) Were going to listen to a lecture _ African history this afternoon. on与about 一般情况下，二者可以互相替换。 about 常用于简单的或浅显的论述等，是一般用语，多用于讲故事，谈话；思考等 on 多用于系统论述或专题讲演、论著等，具有学术性,about,on,第八类 表示增加或减少 1) Compared with last year, the pr
34、ice has risen _ 30%. 2) The population has increased from 1.2milion _ 1.8 million. by表示在原有的基础上增加或减少了 to表示总数增加或减少到.,by,to,第九类 表示价格,比率,标准,速度的介词 at 表示价值，价格, 比率或速度, 表单价. for 表示交换, 指总价钱 by 表示度量单位或标准. 后接表计量单位的名词一般是单数,前面需加定冠词the. 数词或复数名词前不加. 1. We are flying _ a speed of 400kms/hr. 2. I bought these books
35、_ 5 dollars each. 3. I bought these books _ 30 dollars. 4. He is paid _ the week.,at,at,for,by,第十类 as , like He has been playing tennis as a professional for two years. He plays tennis like a professional. The wine improves with age. Do as I do. as: 介词-作为，如同 连词-随着; 按照 with-介词随着” like: 介词-像，跟.一样 unli
36、ke; “比如” 动词-喜欢 dislike 1. 随着时间的流逝，她原谅了他。 As time went by, she forgave him. With time going by, she forgave him. 2. _ a student, you should study hard. 3. _ many students, he studies hard.,As,Like,1. The old man cannot walk _ a stick. 2. We got there _ any trouble. 3. It wasnt very polite of you to s
37、erve yourself _ asking. 4. We were _ electricity for three hours but its on again now.,without,without,without,without,1. without +宾语+形容词 All the things in his house were stolen without the door open. 他屋里的所有东西都被偷了，而门没有打开。 2. without+宾语+副词 Id be lost without you here. 没有你在这儿，我会一筹莫展。 3. without+宾语+介词短
38、语 I dont like sweet coffee; I like it better without sugar in it. 我不喜欢加糖的咖啡，里边不加糖我更喜欢。 4. without+宾语+动名词 He left without saying goodbye. 没说再见，他就走了。 5. without+宾语+不定式 It was boring to sit there without anything to do. 无所事事地坐在那里太无聊了。 6. without+宾语+过去分词 Without any problem solved , they left. 没有解决任何问题，
39、他们就走了。,第十一类 用于复合结构的without,1. With +n./pron. + adj. He went to bed with the door open. 2. With +n/pron.+adv. She left the classroom with all the lights on. 3. With + n/pron. + prep. Phrase Mother came home with a basket in her hand. 4. With +n/pron. +doing Jack lay on the grass with his eyes looking
40、 at the sky. 5. With +n/pron.+ to do With her husband to help her, she will work it out. 6. With +n./pron. +p.p. The murderer was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.,例1：_ fire, all exits must be kept clear. A. In place of B. Instead of C. In case of D. In spite of 例2：I have offered to pa
41、int the house _ a weeks accommodation In exchange for B. with regard to C. by means of D. in place of 例3: _ your advice, I would have been caught in the traffic and I wouldnt have been there on time. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for,A,C,B,介词短语的辨析考查,介词与名词、动词、形容词等的搭配 例1：How different my
42、hometown is _ what it was ten years ago! from B. at C. with D. by 例2：scientists are convinced _ the positive effect of laughter _ physical and mental health. A. of; at B. by; in C. of; on D. on; at,A,C,“介词+关系代词”在定语从句中的运用 例: The author _ Beijing University _ all of us are familiar will pay a visit to
43、 our company. from; whom B. in; to whom C. from; with whom D. in; who,C,解题指导：对于介词与其他词的搭配，除了掌握一些常见的搭配外，要善于从句中找出搭配形式，特别是分割开了的搭配形式；要注意还原短语，选出需用的介词。,分词形式的介词 considering（就而论） given（如果有,考虑到） including（包括） concerning（关于） 例1: _ his old age, he is healthy enough. A. Considered B. To consider C. Considering D
44、. consider 例2: _ his support, I think we will win the election. A. If B. Given C. Giving D. Have,C,B,in addition to= besides 除以外，还有 in case of 万一发生 in common with 与有共同之处，与相同 in face of 面对 in time of 在时候 in danger of 处于的危险中 in defence of 为了保护,牢记下列常见的复合介词,in need/want of 需要 in short of 缺 in favour of
45、有利于 in exchange for 以交换 in memory of 为了纪念 in honour of 为了尊敬 in praise of 为了赞美 in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由负责,in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 由拥有 in search of 为了寻找 in touch with 和保持联系 in preparation for 为作准备 in place of 代替，而不是 in hopes for/in the hope of 希望 in the course of 在的过程中 in th
46、e habit of 在的习惯中,in front of 在的前面 in the front of 在的前部 in the form of 以的形式 in the name of 以名义 in relation to 与相关； in reply to 作为对的回答 in answer to 作为对的回应 in regard to 关于/至于 in return for 作为对的回报,in spite of 尽管 in support of 支持 in terms of 就而言 in harmony with 与和谐 in line with 与一致/符合 in payment for 为了偿还
47、 according to 依据，根据 owing to 因为 because of 因为 on account of 因为,by means of 凭借 thanks to 多亏了 as for/to 至于 due to 由于 apart from 除以外 except for 除了(整体的某个不足的部分),regardless of 不管 contrary to 与相反 on behalf of 代表 but for 要不是 out of date 过期的 out of place 不合适的；不相称的 out of order 出故障的,与动词搭配： devoteto 为作贡献 dance to music 伴着音乐跳舞 adaptto 适应 adjustto 调节以适应 attachto 把粘贴到上 oweto 把归功于,注意下列带介词的词组,（2）on的搭配难点词组： depend/rely on 依赖于 be hard on sb. 对某人苛刻 be on a research team 研究队中的一员 take on 雇佣；呈现,注意下列带介词的词组,（3）over 可以表示“在某事/活动进行的过程中”，如： over a