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1、雅思英语常见语法,比较级最高级和主谓一致,第一节 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 三个等级：原级（positive degree），比较级(comparative degree)和最高级(superlative degree) 原级常见词组：as.as 常见错误：形容词误认为是副词 costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的,leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 尘世的 以“a”开
2、头的很多形容词只能做表语： afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 分词形容词一律比较级和最高级使用more, most tired, more tired, most tired,不规则比较级和最高级,Two heads are better than one. The best mirror is an old friend.老友是宝镜 A friend in need is a friend in
3、deed.患难见知己 More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达 曼彻斯特离伦敦比牛津远。 Manchester is farther from London than Oxford is. There is a cottage on the further side of the hill. Have you any further questions to ask?,合成词的比较级和最高级 well-behaved better-behaved/ more well-behaved best-behaved/most well-behaved 以下形容词可能没有比较级和最高
4、级形式： excellent, perfect, infinite, simultaneous, absolute, eternal, fatal, possible, main, inevitable, primary, sufficient, supreme, unanimous, universal, utter, vital, whole, etc 形容词比较级的修饰语： Much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, slightly, etc She is actually a good deal older than she looks.,形容词比较级的比较
5、方式： 1. as.原级.as 2. 比较级+than+比较成分 常见错误：比较成分不能并列，省略比较对象（通常在句子的后半部分） On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than with little ambition. On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. 加倍数和数字时的句序错误,“Do
6、 you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid for it.” A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice 注意在asas句型中积累一些地道英语比喻词组 as cheerful as a lark as quiet as a mouse as light as a feather as watchful as a hawk as firm as a rock as ugly as
7、a _ as strong as a _,以下短语不用比较级就已包含比较概念 inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than， 一般后面用介词to Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market. Prior to his departure, he add
8、ressed a letter to his daughter. 在离开之前他写了一封信给女儿。 Now they (American visitors) make up 19.5 percent of all the foreign tourists in China, compared to 17.1 percent last year.,“比较级and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种
9、情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than. The pace of live is becoming faster and faster. The road got ever worse until there was no road at all. the road got worse and worse. 比较级前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思,Today it is even colder than yesterday. I have yet more excitin
10、g news for you. 比较级的特殊用法： no more than not more than I have no more than 5 dollars in my pocket.(强调少) I have not more than 5 dollars in my pocket.(不多于，稍少于) no less than not less than He is no less determined than you.(不亚于) He is not less determined than you.(不少于，稍大于),no/not any morethan两者一样都不 The he
11、art is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. 心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。 just as so 正如， 也（用倒装结构） Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. 表语中比较两个形容词时，不管形容词有多少个音节，都用morethan，可以换为 rather than,The little girl is more shy than timid. She is mor
12、e a mother than a wife. She is more of a mother than a wife. 比较级和最高级可以互换 She sings better than anyone else in her class. =She sings best in her class. any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else John runs faster than anyone. 注意不要出现逻辑混乱，时刻记牢比较成分要一致,最高级的一些注意事项： 最高级比较范围用介词in, over,
13、of, among in, (all) over用于在某一范围内的比较 of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较 注意：among相当于one of ,不说among all _ all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. A Among B Of C For D To 与 at 连用做状语 He is, at best, a second-rate novelist.,他充其量也就是个二流作家。 most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，要注意与 “th
14、e +形容词最高级of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别 Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is a most difficult language. 平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比,not onlybut (also) , preferto, rather than 递进对比 and ,but, or, bothand,eitheror,neithernor.同类对比 It
15、is better to die ones feet than . A living on ones knees B live on ones knees C on ones knees D to live on ones knees 注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。 rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。,For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will b
16、e required. 因为新的国家要生存，而不是让人民享受富足生活，所以我们需要新的经济政策。 如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。 At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.,Exercises: Multiple choice: 1.The number of registered participants i
17、n this years marathon was half . A of last years B those of last years C of those of last year D that of last years 2.Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents. A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times,3.There is n
18、o reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink. A much more than B no more than C no less than D any more than 4. It is more important that she should be free _she should live a luxurious life. A. than B. that C. more than D. than that 5. We are taught
19、that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. A rather than B other than C better than D less than,中英互译 1.一个有更佳环境的地方 2. 机械化农业的好处远远大于手工收割方式。 3.那里的肺结核发病率是北卡罗来纳州的十倍（North Carolina） 4. Employment statistics in that country amount to little more than best guess. 5. Nothi
20、ng could be more disagreeable to me than that I should have to do that. 6.许多难题之中，最大的就是如何减少庞大 的预算赤字。,1. a more environmentally friendly place to live 2. The advantages of merchandizing agriculture much greater that those of traditional harvesting methods. 3. There the tuberculosis rate is 10 times as
21、 high as in North Carolina. 4. 那个国家的就业统计和最客观的估计差不多。 5. 我非常认同我应该去做那件事情。 6. Of the many problems the biggest is how to curb the huge budget deficit.,第二节 主谓一致原则 主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则： 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则 1.谓语动词用单数的情况 动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数 Smoking is hazardous to your healt
22、h. To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.,表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。 Five times five makes twenty five. 一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数： law and order 法制 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 time and tide 岁月 the ebb and fl
23、ow 盛衰，潮涨潮落 If law and order is not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.,但如果and连接的是两样事物，谓语用复数 The food and textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material. 食品工业和纺织工业主要依靠农业提供原料。 To try and fail is better than not to try at all. Many a +单数名词谓语用单数，一般在正式文体中 There is man
24、y a slip between the cup and the lip. 事情往往会功亏一篑。 如果主语是单数，尽管后面有with, together with, as well as, except等，谓语仍用单数形式,An iron and steel works, with several satellite factories, is being built in that city. 表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 注意：一般是以ics结尾 Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.
25、统计学是这所商业学校的一门主要学科。 Statistics is a principal course at the business school. 一些外来词虽然是复数形式，谓语用单数 Graffiti is spreading like wildfire. 在墙壁上乱涂的现象现在很普遍。,有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数 A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 2. 谓语用复数形式的情况 有些以s结尾的复数名词既可用单数，亦可用复数, 取决于表达
26、意思 means, works, species, offspring, manners Her offspring is like her in every respect. Her offspring are all in bed by now. 由and, both and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。,Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 集体名词police, public, militia, cattle ,
27、class ,youth后常用复数形式的动词 The committee _(be) to deal with the matter. The committee _(quarrel) as to who its next chairman should be.(一般现在时) 当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式 The Japanese were once very aggressive. 某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数,The rich are not always selfish. 不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复
28、数 Three million tons of coal were exported that year. 3.谓语可用复数也可用单数的情况 I. 就近原则 谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数 由连词 eitheror; neithernor; whether or;not onlybut (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语 Neither money nor fame has influence on me.,Not only you but also he _ wrong.(一般现在时) 在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 Just outside th
29、e ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. 关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致 There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community. 有一些人们愿意支付的服务,但是这些服务并不能回报社会。,一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这
30、些短语包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth) of; eighty (ten, twenty) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等 Lots of damage was caused by the fire. 注意词汇分类整理, 特别是第三种情况 第一组： a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数,第二组； the
31、 number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 neither/either of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数 第三组； more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 第四组； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致,第五组； (n)either(n)or. not
32、 only. but also not .but 谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致.,Exercises: Multiple Choice: East of the village _ a lake five years ago. A. lie B. lay C. laid D. lain To all the people here _ the honour for the success. A. belong B. belongs C. belongs to D. belonging to A singer and dancer _
33、present at the party. A. were B. was C. has D. have,This is one of the best films that _ greatly _ us. This is the one of the best films that _ greatly _ us. A. isencouraged B. hasencouraged C. areencouraged D. haveencouraged All of the apples _ rotten. All of the apple _ rotten. A. are B. is C. hav
34、e been D. has been Your composition is well written _ some spelling mistakes. A. besides B. except C. beside D. except for,Translation: 1. 反复实验是知识的源泉。 2. All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. 3. 整个社区都支持这项呼吁。 4. 不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同 5.支持这一观点的医生并不意味着不关心病人。 6.处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计. 7. At the sam
35、e time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.,1. Trail and error is the source of knowledge. 2. 只工作不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。 3. The entire community is behind the appeal. 4. Solutions vary because different peopl
36、e hold different ideas about the same problem. Since different people have different ideas about the same problem, so the approaches to it vary from person to person). 5. Doctors who argue for this point dont mean that they dont care for the patient. It does not mean that doctors who are for this idea dont care for their patients.,6. The government department dealing with the matter concerned do not keep statistics. 7.同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。,