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1、The background of 18th century in UK,1 Industrial Revolution 2 Political system 3 War 4 Society and life 5 Morality 6 Towns 7 Agriculture 8 Food 9 Furniture 10 Transport,Industrial Revolution,Time: late 18th century steam engines Higher living standard , more people in towns and cities The first mec
2、hanized industry: textile industry The UK was the first industrial country in the world,Some inventions,The safety pin in 1849. Electric iron in 1882 common 1930s. Dry cleaning in1855. The zip fastener in 1893.,the political system the constitutional monarchy君主立宪制度 Parties: the Tory托利党 the Whig辉格党 P
3、arliament: the Prime Minister 首相 His/Her Cabinet 内阁 the House of Lords 上院 the House of Commons 下院,War,The reign of kings or queen: Queen Anne 17021714 George 1 17141727 George 2 17271760 George 3 17601820 the War of Spanish Succession with France 17021714 the War of Austrian Succession 17401748 the
4、Seven Years War with France 17561763 By the end of 18th century England had become the leading Naval power in Europe.,Society and Life,1. Population: mid of 18th 2 million late over 9 million 2. Main form of wealth : owning land Political power and influence : landowners 3. Class: top nobility below
5、 rich landownergentry middle merchants and professional men below craftsmen and laborers,The Times,Newspapers and Journals: parties ideas middle class opinions on political and moral problems,5. Coffeehouse: informal meeting house time: later half of 17and18 century People: all classes clubs,The new
6、 morality,Against the fanaticism of the Puritans Enjoy peace and prosperity,Town,Obviously: larger Particularly: in the Midland and the North of England London nearly 1 million end of century,Agriculture,Transformed by the industrial revolution Invention: seed drill most lands into 3 fields. Each ye
7、ar 2 fields sown with crops the third was left fallow (unused).,Food,Little change: ordinary people remained plain and monotonous Poor people: bread and potatoes Tea: very common,Furniture,In 1778 Joseph Bramah invented patented the modern water closet.,Transport,turnpike trusts : 税收 收费高速公路；收税关卡 first in 1663 common in 18th century Cannels travel dangerous highwaymen Smuggling was also very common,Tim Lambert A computer scientist in the university of South Wales,Thank you heartily,