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1、Brooklyn College Core Curriculum:The Shaping of the Modern World Section 2 Reading 1: Cardinal Richelieu: Political Testament, 1624At the time when your Majesty resolved to admit me both to your council and to an important place in your confidence for the direction of your affairs, I may say that th
2、e Huguenots shared the state with you; that the nobles conducted themselves as if they were not your subjects, and the most powerful governors of the provinces as if they were sovereign in their offices. I may say that the bad example of all of these was so injurious to this realm that even the best
3、 regulated parlements were affected by it, and endeavored, in certain cases to diminish your royal authority as far as they were able in order to stretch their own powers beyond the limits of reason. I may say that every one measured his own merit by his audacity; that in place of estimating the ben
4、efits which they received from your Majesty at their proper worth, all valued them only in so far as they satisfied the extravagant demands of their imagination; that the most arrogant were held to be the wisest, and found themselves the most prosperous. I may also say that the foreign alliances wer
5、e unfortunate, individual interests being preferred to those of the public; in a word, the dignity of the royal majesty was so disparaged, and so different from what it should be, owing to the malfeasance of those who conducted your affairs, that it was almost impossible to perceive its existence. I
6、t was impossible, without losing all, to tolerate longer the conduct of those to whom your Majesty had intrusted the helm of state; and, on the other band, everything could not be changed at once without violating the laws of prudence, which do not permit the abrupt passing from one extreme to anoth
7、er. The sad state of your affairs seemed to force you to hasty decisions, without permitting a choice of time or of means; and yet it was necessary to make a choice of both, in order to profit by the change which necessity demanded from your prudence. Thoughtful observers did not think that it would
8、 be possible to escape all the rocks in so tempestuous a period; the court was full of people who censured the temerity of those who wished to undertake a reform; all well knew that princes are quick to impute to those who are near them the bad outcome of the undertakings upon which they have been w
9、ell advised; few people consequently expected good results from the change which it was announced that I wished to make, and many believed my fall assured even before your Majesty had elevated me. Notwithstanding these difficulties which I represented to your Majesty, knowing how much kings may do w
10、hen they make good use of their power, I ventured to promise you, with confidence, that you would soon get control of your state, and that in a short time your prudence, your courage, and the benediction of God would give a new aspect to the realm. I promised your Majesty to employ all my industry a
11、nd all the authority which it should please you to give me to ruin the Huguenot party, to abase the pride of the nobles, to bring back all your subjects to their duty, and to elevate your name among foreign nations to the point where it belongs. Source of this TextAn Account of the State of France in 1624, Taken from Testament politique (Amsterdam, 1689), Chapter I, translated in J.H. Robinson, Readings in European History 2 vols. (Boston: Ginn, 1906), 2:268-270.